Self-centered so if you give them tasks and have them list traits about themselves, theyll tend to list their attributes and characteristics rather than their relationships. All that it takes is to get out of their cages of bickering and anxiety. And theres large differences around the world, for example, on how much cultures are exposed to chronic threat. DUBNER: Are you the creator of the looseness-tightness system for looking at culture? employees. Heres Mark Anthony Neal of Duke: NEAL: Historically, power has been obscure. So this is not about, Is world peace important?, HOFSTEDE: For instance, Is it important for you to have a good working relationship with your boss? Or Is it a good idea for people to maybe have more than one boss?. In one experiment, Gelfand sent a bunch of research assistants to different places around the world. Henrich has written about the notion of time psychology.. So that leads to justifying more inequality. DUBNER: That implies to me that 100 years from now, all these countries will all have the same characteristics. The country that ranks highest in long-term orientation is Japan; also high on this scale are China and Russia. 534. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). Baker was Bushs secretary of state; Aziz was Husseins deputy prime minister. 493 Update) Adam Smith famously argued that specialization is the key to prosperity. GELFAND: I grew up on Long Island. What was in these surveys? President Bush had framed these negotiations as going an extra mile for peace.. On the more feminine end of the spectrum are the Scandinavian countries and some of Western Europe. In another condition, they were wearing tattoos and nose rings and purple hair. So, again, if you want to talk about Americans, youre okay. And in a collectivistic society, a person is like an atom in a crystal. In the real world, Feldman learned to settle for less than 95 percent. Why arent all national cultures converging by now? By this time, Hofstede the Elder had already gotten a Ph.D. in social science. You can think about it at the household level. The most indulgent country in these rankings is Mexico, at 97 out of 100; the most restrained: Egypt, at four. Whereas looking away in a very egalitarian society is seen as a sign of deceptiveness. I think those fundamental religious beliefs extend to the American view of what leadership should look like outside of the church in the corporation, in the legislatures, and what have you. International, and they were just starting international opinion surveys. And thats different than in Scandinavia and in New Zealand and Australia, which has much more horizontal individualism. That was our hypothesis, at least. Some of the measurable differences were a bit odd. GELFAND: Weve had our share of threat, but just not chronic threat. Fascinated by the human in the system, he did a PhD in organizational behaviour. And: In present-day Scandinavia levels of individualism would thus have been significantly higher had emigration not occurred.. This really contrasts with lots of places where there are legitimate traditional authorities and people tend to defer to those authorities. HENRICH: Theres something called the Asch conformity test, where you have confederates of the experimenter give the same wrong answer to an objective problem. . Chronic threat meaning a country is prone to natural disasters, or disease, or hostile invaders. But heres the thing about culture: it can be really hard to measure. HENRICH: And this can include motivations, heuristics, biases, beliefs. That, again, is Gert Jan Hofstede. We had a lot of struggles with tightening during Covid, clearly. ERNIE: Oh, gee. Now, keep in mind this was London, English-speaking London not Uzbekistan or Botswana, even Mexico. GELFAND: Like during 9/11, during World Wars, we see increases in tightness. He would spend the rest of his life building out the 6-Dimension Model of National Culture. And then you see how often the subject wants to go along with the other people, as opposed to give the answer they would give if they were by themselves. DUBNER: Name some of the highest and lowest countries on this dimension. Why not? HOFSTEDE: My name is Gert Jan Hofstede. HOFSTEDE: You have a democracy. HENRICH: So, Francisco is a good pal of mine and hes also a very charming fellow. And it got the attention of President Clinton: Bill CLINTON: Its the first Ive heard of it, Ill look into it. HOFSTEDE: This is not about a homogenous soup, but its about the power of the millions versus the individual and the power of ostracism. DUBNER: Im curious for advice on how we should balance weve become an economic powerhouse, and we recognize that there is a lot of benefit to that. GELFAND: We analyzed shifts in tightness over 200 years. But thats only the first study. This episode was produced byBrent Katz. And so you walk faster because you cant get everything you need done in your day and youre always trying to get to the next event. She decided that the key difference, the right place to start measuring, was whether the culture in a given country is tight or loose. She says these are merely visible indicators of a countrys tightness or looseness and its what you dont necessarily see that shapes a given countrys culture. DUBNER: I find that people who dont load dishwashers carefully are usually pretty loose with the planning. So if you ask people to judge the absolute lengths of two lines, people in more individualistic societies tend to get that right. Once he saw that differences were driven by nationality, Hofstede sensed he was on to something big. I think thats a good litmus test of tight-loose. HOFSTEDE: So collectivistic cultures are those of the Amerindian empires. The book takes the form of six chapters. Individualism, Modern Capitalism, and Dystopian Visions Introduction to Heritage and Multicultural American Identities: Contemporary Voices (1970-2000) Introduction to Contemporary Literature of the Twenty-First Century The Poetry of Physics RL.CCR.3 Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text. DUBNER: And what would you say is maybe a political ramification of low power distance? Here are some things that tend to thrive in highly individual societies: human rights, a free press, divorce, and a faster pace of life. It's part of our founding D.N.A. BERT: Because: you get crumbs in the sheets, thats why. You may have noticed that Hofstede neglected to mention a certain country that we Americans tend to care about quite a bit. Freakonomics Radiois produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. I do think that humanity as a whole is sort of evolving to being more reflective. But first, Hofstede had to make sure that the differences he was seeing in the data werent specific to I.B.M. Here in the U.S., its actually a rule violation to call out people who are violating norms. Its also the cleaning lady. Whereas we usually describe a scent by saying something that it smells like.. You might think that someone who studies cross-cultural psychology also grew up abroad, or at least in some big city with a melting-pot vibe. Theres far less stigmatization of people in terms of their race, their religion. Relatedly: Americans place a high value on being consistent across different situations. Because if you try something new, you show to the people around you that you are an individual and you can make your own decisions. HOFSTEDE: Because its true: the very same dimensions under different circumstances, can work the other way. We will leave you with a patriotic tribute from one last transplanted U.S. comedian. But we tried to address that. Individualistic countries tend to be richer, but as Hofstede the Elder once put it, The order of logic is not that individualism comes first. The American model is among the most successful and envied models in the history of the world. But its also a tremendous outlier. Theyre longing for it. Freakonomics is a book about 'freaky' research and insight. And this led to this project where we did in lots of places hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, Africa, Papua New Guinea. Joe Henrichs research into national psychologies led him to an even more fascinating conclusion. You had Woodstock, and youre going to have this kind of stuff happening again. Am I really going to tell my kid how special they are about everything?. Just like good science, good . So looking decisive, muscular, active or if youre a woman, sexy that makes you more status-worthy. Whatd they say? Those are the things you cant necessarily plan and account for in building models of how you expect people to react in different situations. Very soon, there will be an Institute of Gladwell Studies. The U.S. is just different from other places in a variety of ways that we often dont stop to think about. In Germany, for instance, labor unions often have a representative on company boards, which can radically change the dynamic between companies and employees. But no. So the picture that emerges from these findings is that Americans are less likely to conform in the name of social harmony; and we also treasure being consistent, expressing our true selves, regardless of the context. Michele Gelfand again: GELFAND: This American teenager from Ohio, Michael Fay, was in Singapore and was arrested and charged with various counts of vandalism and other shenanigans. This is the dimension based on data from the World Values Survey. OLIVER: When was that moment when America became the most American America it could possibly be? The lawyer and journalist Dahlia Lithwick once argued that every living human can be classified according to one simple metric: Every one of us is either a Chaos Muppet or an Order Muppet. Essentially: loose, or tight. A child is a child, and a parent is a parent, and a parent decides for the child. This is really a conversation that pleases me a lot. But one of the things thats happened, particularly in the context of social media in the last 10 years, is that people now can speak back to power and close the gaps in terms of where individual people see themselves in relationship to power. Heres how he describes himself these days. Paperback - April 22, 2020. Geert Hofstede ( 2 October 1928 - 12 February 2020) was born in a peaceful country, but his teenage years saw the second World War rage across Europe. China, Japan, and Turkey are also tight. Allen Lane 20, pp304. So if you base your understanding of a given culture on a body of research that fails to include them, youll likely fail to understand how that culture thinks whether were talking about another country or a group within your own country. A loose country, like the U.S., tends to do well in creativity and innovation; in tolerance and openness; in free speech and a free press. HOFSTEDE: In the U.S.A., individualism coupled with masculinity creates a society where if youre not a winner, youre a loser. And its not because they themselves dont have collective experiences, particularly within ethnicity, but part of the price of becoming American is to give up the collectivity of your ethnic background. HOFSTEDE: If you are, lets say, a toddler, what do you get to decide for yourself? She was majoring in pre-med. Youre culturally confident. This paper focuses on the construction of racial identity online through the mediating influences of popular culture, old media, weblogs, and Internet users. And also, of course, people listening to this: Make it happen, come on. Everybody gets tickled until they laugh. The authors seek to find simple answers to complicated world problems. Later on, fast forward, Pertti Pelto, whos an anthropologist. Were realizing that part of that push forward theres a toxicity to that in terms of how you treat other people, how you think about institutions. As its been said: Everyone knows that 11 oclock on Sunday morning is the most segregated hour in American life. Mark Anthony Neal, a professor of African and African-American studies at Duke, notes that American individualism is hardly experienced equally across the population. HENRICH: This probably wouldnt be in a psych textbook, but something like the Ultimatum game. . And they were finding that people in Africa were not falling victim to this illusion. "The conventional wisdom is often wrong.". GELFAND: Classic things like the Mller-Lyer Illusion, which is these two lines where one looks longer than the other. After all, they were the data set. Whereas people from less individualistic societies tend to be better at making relative-size judgments. 470. Okay, it took half of this episode to go through just the first of the six dimensions of national culture individualism versus collectivism. The third measures masculinity versus femininity in a given culture. But the big C in my mind is very different than the little c.. Singapore, for instance. DUBNER: Although the U.S. is relatively high on suicide and homicide, so are we an outlier in that regard as well? HENRICH: And the case I make is its been highly unsuccessful to just pick up institutions that evolved in Western societies and transport them to drop them in Africa or the Middle East or places like that, because there needs to be a fit between how people think about the world, their values, worldviews, motivations, and the affordances of the institution. As a result, the needs of individuals dictate social behaviors, rather than the needs of larger groups. Between 1967 and 1973, he collected data on I.B.M. They can freely float about. GELFAND: Sometimes people actually revert back into their cultural chambers. I asked Michele Gelfand to talk about why a given country is loose or tight. On many Freakonomics Radio episodes, well hear about some idea or policy that works well elsewhere in the world but hasnt taken root in the U.S. Okay, lets get into the six dimensions. In 2016, Henrich published a book called The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter. And other cultures are more loose. Now, California is a real interesting exception because it has a lot of threat. Steven D Levitt. There were a number of low offers of 15 percent, which didnt get rejected. You might think that these relatively minor differences dont add up to much. Gelfand wanted to learn where theyd get the most help. They were those kinds of Chaos Muppets, because they were risk-seeking. Michele Gelfand is one of the premier practitioners of cross-cultural psychology. HOFSTEDE: In the U.S.A., the boss needs to be a team player. And it drives us crazy. Freakonomics is a groundbreaking collaboration between Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, an award-winning author and journalist. And this is what Europe has. GELFAND: If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. For instance, the rhythm of vaccination in the U.S.A. is very fast. And life is an adventure. GELFAND: Were fiercely interdisciplinary. HOFSTEDE: You are on the masculine side not at the very end, but more on the masculine side. And we did find a number of learned people who had data to back up the hypothesis. But for folks who are pushed out of the mainstream you know, Black folks have rarely had the luxury of thinking about just simply being themselves. It also is related to obesity. That is not just the most American thing thats ever happened. All rights reserved. DUBNER: But that the research subjects, they gave him a lot back and they thought it was going to him. Those are the upsides. But there must be, I would think, evolution across time, yes? And in a restrained society, theres going to be suicide. In other words, Americans dont just see other people as individuals. After reading Freakonomics it really opens the reader's eyes to unseen things in everyday life. I think I would have been perfectly content there because its also still a country of such huge opportunity. You realize, you want a black or white value judgment. According to the Pew Research Center, 80 percent of Americans claim to believe in God, 55 percent pray at least daily, and 36 percent attend a religious service at least once a week. So, yes, the same attributes that can be a big problem can also be a big boost. The people that came to New York early on, in the early 1800s, they were from all sorts of different cultural backgrounds. In a society in which 95 percent of adults are highly literate, he writes, people have a thicker corpus callosum than a society in which only 5 percent of people are highly literate. The corpus callosum is the bunch of nerve fibers that unites the two brain hemispheres. No difference, that is, between tight and loose cultures. Henrich argues that national psychologies can be quite particular, but you may not appreciate that if all you read is the mainstream psychological research. Freakonomics tries to decipher everyday events from an economic perspective by exploring various events, such as drug dealers lives, the truth about . Another one: impatience. And we found the full spectrum of variation. I was floored. GELFAND: And there was discussion in the cross-cultural psychology community about how James Bakers unemotionalcommunication style was received as This is not so serious, in terms of Tariq Azizs understanding of Americans intentions. But one has arrows going out and one in? In our previous episode, we made what may sound like a bold claim. So its hard to simply transplant another countrys model for education or healthcare, no matter how well it might seem to fit. The final dimension on the Hofstede model is called indulgence versus restraint. And we made sure that the subjects knew that the money was coming from an organization, that the giver did not get any of the money, we ratcheted up our levels of anonymity. I think Joe Biden, for instance, hes trying to play the card of, Were all Americans. This individualism has produced tremendous forward progress and entrepreneurial energy. the Machiguenga were much closer to the predictions of Homo economicus, The Relationship Between Cultural TightnessLooseness and COVID-19 Cases and Deaths: A Global Analysis, States of Emergency: The Most Disaster-Prone States in the US, A Global Analysis of Cultural Tightness in Non-Industrial Societies, Have You Tried to Help Your Pet Lose Weight? 469). This feeds back into what Michele Gelfand was talking about earlier, in the context of geopolitical negotiations. Then he tried a coffee can with a money slot in its plastic lid, which also proved too tempting. Documentary. Each week, Freakonomics Radio tells you things you always thought you knew (but didn't) and things you never thought you wanted to know (but do) from the economics of sleep to how to become great at just about anything. Its part of our founding D.N.A. Because remember, threat is what can drive tightness. GELFAND: And it caused a real international crisis because the Singapore government gave him what was then classic punishment, which was caning. Thats Joe Henrich, a professor of evolutionary biology at Harvard; hes also a scholar of psychology, economics, and anthropology. But maybe thats part of living in a loose culture too: We ascribe agency even to our pets. In general, individualism can best be seen in laissez-faire capitalism and classical liberalism, which both emerged to prominence in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. That would be very beneficial because now you might be going down the path of civil war, really. But if you want to talk about humans, Homo sapiens, then you have a generalization problem. you ask. Thats Mark Anthony Neal of Duke University. Based on the given excerpt above from Freakonomics, the claim that is supported by the evidence in this excerpt is that, The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn't need to win. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. Some of the countries with high power distance: Russia, China, and Mexico. They are descended from people who came here of their own free will and in order to execute their own free will. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. HOFSTEDE: And it immediately yielded a four-dimensional model. One hallmark of short-term thinking: a tendency toward black and white moral distinctions versus shades of gray. So the scientific discipline of psychology is dominated by Americans. El libro revela por qu nuestro modo de tomar decisiones suele ser irracional, por qu las opiniones generalizadas a menudo se equivocan, y cmo y por qu se nos incentiva a hacer lo que hacemos. Now, lets pull back and make an important point: labeling a given country tight or loose is an overall, aggregate measurement. Im a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University. That, again, is the cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand. But remember what Hofstede told us: HOFSTEDE: Youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. So if you only want to talk about American psychology, youre fine. (Part 1 of "Freakonomics Radio Takes to the Skies.") 58 min. The cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand has been telling us about loose and tight cultures around the world. He grew up in England. We even walk faster. Heres the dean of the National University of Singapores school of public health: YIK-YING TEO: We have a tradition of having national campaigns to galvanize people to proceed in a common direction. Hes horrified by my dishwasher-loading behavior. If it were, Afghanistan and Venezuela, even Iran might be U.S.-style democracies by now. Individualism has had a tremendous impact, not only on culture, but on social theory as well, and political philosophy in particular. And if there are crumbs in the sheets, theyll get in your pajamas. The term individualism itself, and its equivalents in other languages, dateslike socialism and other ismsfrom the 19th century. 1, the most individualistic country in the world, 91 out of 100 on the Hofstede scale of individualism. Its the tiny differences in sociality. Here in the U.S., its actually a rule violation to call out people who are violating norms. 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