Introduction: He used three guitarists along with an accordion lead, violin, and bass. In 1943, Reinhardt married his long-term partner Sophie "Naguine" Ziegler in Salbris. They had one son. On this recording, Reinhardt switched back to his old roots, as had been his style prior to the American tour, once again playing the Acoustic Selmer-Maccafferi. The instant I heard Django, I flipped. [11]:93, When World War II broke out, the original quintet was on tour in the United Kingdom. Lousson was frequently on the road in the 1950s and 1960s and never recorded commercially except for an unreleased 1960s studio recording from Paris with violinist Vivian Villerstein.[3]. (Photo by LAPI/Roger Viollet/Getty Images), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lousson_Reinhardt&oldid=1105893685, Dregni, Michael. A full chronological listing of his lifetime recorded output is available from the source cited here,[72] and an index of individual tunes is available from the source cited here. He played mainly with a plectrum for maximum volume and attack (particularly in the 1920s-early 30s when amplification in venues was minimal or non-existent), although he could also play fingerstyle on occasion, as evidenced by some recorded introductions and solos. ( Django Reinhardt 1910 123 - 1953 516 ) [1] [2] [3] [4] [ ] [ ] In coincidence with the 110th anniversary in 2020 of Django's birth, a graphic novel depicting his youth years was published under the title Django Main de Feu, by writer Salva Rubio and artist Efa through Belgian publisher Dupuis. Hitler and Joseph Goebbels viewed jazz as un-German counterculture. Find (Attr.) Tired of waiting, Reinhardt returned to France in February 1947. The song "Muskrat Love" by America (band) makes a comment about Django, though spelled "Jango" in the lyrics. On the 16th of May, 1953, Django Reinhardt suffered a fatal stroke while walking home from a performance at a Paris club. With violinist Stphane Grappelli,[1] Reinhardt formed the Paris-based Quintette du Hot Club de France in 1934. He grew up near Paris and played the violin, banjo, and guitar from an early age. Django: Directed by Etienne Comar. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. This marriage also produced one son. [55] The Allman Brothers Band song "Jessica" was written by Dickey Betts in tribute to Reinhardt. 1951 Django Reinhardt and the Hot Club Quintet, 1954 The Great Artistry of Django Reinhardt, 1980 Routes to Django Reinhardt - Bireli Lagrene, 2002 Djangology (remastered) (recorded in 1948, discovered, remastered and released by Bluebird Records), 2003 Jazz in Paris: Nuits de Saint-Germain des-Prs. As World War II was declared, the original quintet was on tour in the United Kingdom. The festival was organized by George Wein. After the war, Reinhardt rejoined Grappelli in the UK and went on to tour the United States in 1946 with Duke Ellington's orchestra as a special guest soloist. Reinhardt recorded over 900 sides in his recording career, from 1928 to 1953, the majority as sides of the then-prevalent 78-RPM records, with the remainder as acetates, transcription discs, private and off-air recordings (of radio broadcasts), and part of a film soundtrack. Only one session (eight tracks) from March 1953 was ever recorded specifically for album release by Norman Granz in the then-new LP format, but Reinhardt died before the album could be released. A: And did you notate the music? Keeping these crucial questions in mind, let's revisit the life of the famous Jazz guitarist, Django Reinhardt. It has a little to do with the real Django Reinhardt, jazz guitarist . A new generation of French jazz enthusiasts, the Zazous, had arisen and swollen the ranks of the Hot Club. To scrape together a little money, Bella had been making artificial flowers out of paper and highly flammable celluloid. Reinhardt's first attempt at escape from Occupied France led to capture. [11]:6466. Using an early amplification system, he was able to work in more of a big-band format, in large ensembles with horn sections. He played a few tunes at the end of the show, backed by Ellington, with no special arrangements written for him. Reinhardt was a Roma jazz musician. Indeed, Reinhardt was a family man, having been raised amongst the gypsy people who are famous for the alliance of their extended tribe. Interview: A private and rather shy individual, Lousson performed in bars in Paris through the 1960s, most frequently accompanied by fellow guitarist Jean-Marie Pallen,[4] and appeared several times at the Django Reinhardt memorial festivals Samois-sur-Seine. He died suddenly of a stroke in 1953 at the age of 43. His hugely innovative technique included, on a grand scale, such unheard of devices as melodies played in octaves, tremolo chords with shifting notes that sounded like whole horn sections, a complete array of natural and artificial harmonics, highly charged dissonances, super-fast chromatic runs from the open bass strings to the highest notes on the 1st string, an unbelievably flexible and driving right-hand, two and three octave arpeggios, advanced and unconventional chords and a use of the flattened fifth that predated be-bop by a decade. Born in Belgium and raised in a gypsy camp near Paris, he first learned to play the violin, but later switched to banjo-guitar. He was just 43 years old. His legacy was in part, created when he was caught in a large fire at a young age. [11]:66, From 1934 until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Reinhardt and Grappelli worked together as the principal soloists of their newly formed quintet, the Quintette du Hot Club de France, in Paris. It was released on 2 June 2015, by Legacy Recordings. [21], Reinhardt also played and recorded with many American jazz musicians, such as Adelaide Hall, Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter, and Rex Stewart (who later stayed in Paris). At the age of 12, Django Reinhardt played good enough to play professionally. His relative association of experience, reinforced by a profound rational knowledge of his instrument; the guitar's possibilities and limitations; his love for music and the expression of itall are a necessary adjunct to the means of expressing these emotions.[36]. [13]:10 Hylton offered him a job on the spot, and Reinhardt accepted. [27], One of his tunes, 1940's "Nuages",[28] became an unofficial anthem in Paris to signify hope for liberation. Jean 'Django' Reinhardt (23 January 1910 - 16 May 1953) was a Belgian guitarist and composer credited with popularizing Gypsy jazz, as well as conceptualizing the style together with several other Gypsy musicians. The Django web framework, a Python web framework, was named after Reinhardt. (The swinging sound of Venuti's jazz violin and Eddie Lang's virtuoso guitar-playing anticipated the more famous sound of Reinhardt and Grappelli's later ensemble.) They had a son, Babik Reinhardt, who became a respected guitarist.[23]. He was a Sinti Gypsy. Whilst his solos became less chordal and his lines more Christian-like, he retained his originality. On the night of November 2, 1928, Reinhardt was in his caravan home with his wife when paper flowers she had been making caught on fire, quickly engulfing the small space in flames. 159 Django Reinhardt Photos Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Images Creative Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 159 Django Reinhardt Photos Premium High Res Photos Browse 159 django reinhardt photos stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. In 1953, he collaborated with the famed jazz musician Dizzie Gillespie and created a few records. Jean "Django" Reinhardt was born in 1910 in a caravan outside the Belgian town of Liberchies to a family of itinerant Romaniknown colloquially as GypsiesReinhardt was serenading cabaret patrons on guitar and banjo by age 12. Nevertheless, Reinhardt kept playing. desanyja, La Bella Laurence egy mnus-szinti komikusokbl s zenszekbl ll vndor trsulatnak volt a tagja. [11]:161 Reinhardt was declared dead on arrival at the hospital in Fontainebleau, at the age of 43. Announcer: Could you tell me Mr Reinhardt, what has compelled you to write this mass? And the Sintis are the Gypsies that moved through Europe and live in Western Europe now. Jean Django Reinhardt was born on 23rd January 1910 in Liberchies, Pont-a-Celles, Belgium. Nuotteja lukematon Reinhardt . Healed, Reinhardt found he had lost his wife, his job, his caravan . Clean with a rag: Ending for "bachelor" or "disk" He also produced some of his characteristic "effects" by moving a fixed shape (such as a diminished chord) rapidly up and down the fretboard, resulting in what one writer has called "intervallic cycling of melodic motifs and chords". [39] Because of his physical disability, he played mainly using his index and middle fingers, and invented a distinctive style of jazz guitar. They had one son. Within his rapid melodic runs he frequently incorporated arpeggios, which could be played using two notes per string (played with his two "good" fingers, being his index and middle fingers) while shifting up or down the fingerboard, as opposed to the more conventional "box" approach of moving across strings within a single fretboard position (location). Jean "Django" Reinhardt, fdd 23 januari 1910 i Liberchies nra Pont--Celles, Hainaut, Belgien, dd 16 maj 1953 i Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne, Frankrike, var en belgisk - fransk sjlvlrd [ 1] jazzgitarrist av romsk hrkomst. With first and second-degree burns covering half of his body, the doctors warned Django that he would never play the guitar again due to his badly burnt left hand, and what more they would have to amputate his paralyzed right leg. Romani-French jazz guitarist and composer. Jean "Django" Reinhardt, born in Liberchies, Belgium on January 23, 1910, became such a legend even during his lifetime that his public admirers always wanted to know his latest moves, even when the man himself wanted solitude. Despite all the troubles, he continued creating music whenever he could. [12], He received little formal education and acquired the rudiments of literacy only in adult life. Neill, Billy & Gates, E. (compilers) (c. 1945). I particularly don't know the ending. His name was now drawing international attention, such as from British bandleader Jack Hylton, who came to France just to hear him play. A melodic debut segues into some melancholy half bends at 1:07, a common employment. Even the few times he does not quite make his ideas flow out flawlessly it is still so exciting that mistakes don't matter! Jazz Manouche and Gypsy Jazz [17] In early 1934 both Reinhardt and Grappelli were members of Louis Vola's band. [73] A few fragments of film performance (without original sound) also survive, as does one complete performance with sound, of the tune "J'Attendrai" performed with the Quintet in 1938 for the short film Le Jazz Hot. [39][2]:cover[b], Jazz guitarists in the U.S., such as Charlie Byrd and Wes Montgomery, were influenced by his style. DR: No, no, no, don't think that. He was just 17 years old but already had made a name for himself playing the banjo-guitar and was invited by the famed British band leader Jack Hylton to join his band. Because of his damaged left hand (his ring and pinky fingers helped little in his playing) Reinhardt had to modify both his chordal and melodic approach extensively. The wagon was quickly engulfed in flames. Thu 16 Jun 2011 19.45 EDT I n 1928, at 18, Belgian gypsy musician Django Reinhardt lost the use of the third and fourth fingers of his left hand in a caravan fire, forcing him to abandon both. [10] Reinhardt spent most of his youth in Romani encampments close to Paris, where he started playing the violin, banjo and guitar. Django Reinhardt nasceu em Liberchies, na Blgica, no distante da fronteira com a Frana, em 23 de janeiro de 1910. A third generation of direct descendants has developed as musicians: David Reinhardt, Reinhardt's grandson (by his son Babik), leads his own trio. He is remembered for many compositions, such as Minor Swing, Belleville, Swing 42, and Nuages. The concept of "lead guitar" (Django) and backing "rhythm guitar" (Joseph Reinhardt/Roger Chaput or Pierre Ferret) was born with this band. Reinhardt kehitti uuden jazzkitaran soittotyylin, joka teki suuren vaikutuksen hnt seuranneisiin kitaristeihin. A small number of waltzes composed by Reinhardt in his youth were never recorded by the composer, but were retained in the repertoire of his associates and several are still played today. The British guitarist Diz Disley plays in a style based on Reinhardt's technique and he collaborated on numerous projects with Stphane Grappelli; Reinhardt also had an influence on other styles and musical genres, including Western Swing, notably in the work of Bob Wills. Jean "Django" Reinhardt was a promising young musician when a crippling injury seemed to end his chance of having a music career. [26] Reinhardt made a second attempt a few days later, but was stopped in the middle of the night by Swiss border guards, who forced him to return to Paris again. Related Topics This loose, intermittently compelling biopic of jazz great Django Reinhardt offers a much-deserved spotlight role for French actor Reda Kateb. On May 16th 1953 Django suffered a massive brain hemorrhage and died, leaving behind his wife Sophie and son Babik. The story of Django Reinhardt, famous guitarist and composer, and his flight from German-occupied Paris in 1943. Django Reinhardt. Jean 'Django' Reinhardt (23 January 1910 - 16 May 1953) was a Belgian guitarist and composer credited with popularizing Gypsy jazz, as well as conceptualizing the style together with several other Gypsy musicians. [2]:154. sit nyskabende og karakteristiske spil. Garcia was quoted in June 1985 in Frets Magazine: His technique is awesome! The names of two of Lousson's children, Chti and Gagoug, were commemorated musically when Django's widow, Naguine, conferred them on two previously unpublished compositions of Django as subsequently recorded by Matelo Ferret in 1960.[11]. Jean Reinhardt (23 January 1910 - 16 May 1953) stage name Django Reinhardt was a Belgian-born Romani-French jazz guitarist, musician and composer, regarded as one of the greatest musicians of the twentieth century.He was the first jazz talent to emerge from Europe and remains the most significant. When their set ended, Cantor rose to his feet, then went up on stage and kissed Reinhardt's hand, paying no concern to the audience. Reinhardt died suddenly of a stroke on 16 May 1953. Is that accurate? Disappointed, Reinhardt returned to France that same year with his dreams of becoming a great American star broken, though this did not keep him from delving deeper into his career and music. However, they parted shortly after the accident. In the autumn of 1946, he made his first tour in the United States, debuting at Cleveland Music Hall[29] as a special guest soloist with Duke Ellington and His Orchestra. Django's technique was not only phenomenal, but it was personal and unique to him due to his handicap. Sultan of Swing: the Complete Gramophone Hmv Swing Recordings 1936 - 1953 He was something else. Also in the neighborhood was the artistic salon R-26, at which Reinhardt and Grappelli performed regularly as they developed their unique musical style. Both in his personal nature and in the nature of his music, Django displayed the character of a dreamer. He also attended a reception for Goodman, who, after the war ended, had asked Reinhardt to join him in the U.S. Goodman repeated his invitation and, out of politeness, Reinhardt accepted. Jeff Beck described Reinhardt as "by far the most astonishing guitar player ever" and "quite superhuman".[61]. By legend, the trip was a disaster: he arrived without his Selmer, never found a guitar he liked, was booed by audiences, and. This was in part due to the help of a Luftwaffe official named Dietrich Schulz-Khn, also known as "Doktor Jazz," who deeply admired Reinhardt's music. Gypsies, frequently on the road and often with much time available to fill with the pursuit of art, were perfect conduits for the world music spirit. I chose his style because it spoke to me. [18], Reinhardt's brother Joseph and Roger Chaput also played on guitar, and Louis Vola was on bass. He wed his second wife, Silvia Ward, and they went on to have a son together who they named Django. On the night of 2 November 1928, Reinhardt was going to bed in the wagon that he and his wife shared in the caravan. [48][42], In February 2017, the Berlin International Film Festival held the world premiere of Django, a French film directed by Etienne Comar. Django Reinhardt 1910- 1953 Jazz Guitarist. Jazz Manouche and Gypsy Jazz. Many musicians have expressed admiration for Reinhardt, including guitarist Jimmy McCulloch, classical guitarist Julian Bream; country artist Chet Atkins, who placed Reinhardt #1 on a list of the ten greatest guitarists of the twentieth century; Latin rocker Carlos Santana; blues legend B.B. For chords he developed a novel system based largely around 3-note chords, each of which could serve as the equivalent of several conventional chords in different inversions; for the treble notes he could employ his ring and little fingers to fret the relevant high strings even though he could not articulate these fingers independently, while in some chords he also employed his left hand thumb on the lowest string. Instead, he reinvented the jazz guitar and became a legend. These "electric period" Reinhardt recordings have in general received less popular re-release and critical analysis than his pre-war releases (the latter also extending to the period from 1940 to 1945 when Grappelli was absent, which included some of his most famous compositions such as "Nuages"), but are also a fascinating area of Reinhardt's work to study,[38] and have begun to be revived by players such as the Rosenberg Trio (with their 2010 release "Djangologists") and Birli Lagrne. He united with Grappelli, and used his acoustic Selmer-Maccaferri. [11]:4344 [13]:10[15] Reinhardt applied himself intensely to relearning his craft, however, making use of a new guitar bought for him by his brother, Joseph Reinhardt, who was also an accomplished guitarist. Este considerat unul din cei mai mari chitariti de jazz ai tuturor timpurilor i este primul muzician de talie mondial "produs" de continentul european. He was later married to Sophie Ziegler from 1943 till his death in 1953. Death: Immediate Family: Wife of Django Reinhardt. He was the first jazz talent to emerge from Europe and remains the most significant. [49] Reinhardt's music was re-recorded for the film by the Dutch jazz band Rosenberg Trio with lead guitarist Stochelo Rosenberg. Born in Belgium, his French father, Jean Eugene Weiss, chose to use his wife's maiden name of Reinhart instead of Weiss. I dictate it to him. He also experimented with classical composition, writing a Mass for the Gypsies and a symphony. Beginning with Django Reinhardt, whose dazzling Gypsy Jazz became the toast of 1930s Paris in the heady days of Josephine Baker, Picasso, and Hemingway, Dregni follows the music as it courses. The Allman Brothers Band song Jessica was written by Dickey Betts in tribute to Reinhardt (he wanted to write a song that could be played using only two fingers). [11]:93 A few weeks later the quintet played at the London Palladium. Django Reinhardt's income source is mostly from being a successful Soundtrack. On a few occasions he even refused to get out of bed. Django also worked on composing a Mass for use by the gypsies, which was not completed although an 8-minute extract exists, played by the organist Lo Chauliac for Reinhardt's benefit, via a 1944 radio broadcast; this can be found on the CD release "Gipsy Jazz School" and also on volume 12 of the "Intgrale Django Reinhardt" CD compilation.[c]. Django's compositions were sometimes jaunty, sometimes sad. Since he did not read music, Reinhardt worked with an assistant to notate what he was improvising. Django Reinhardt, original name Jean Reinhardt, (born January 23, 1910, Liberchies, Belgiumdied May 16, 1953, Fontainebleau, France), guitarist who is generally considered one of the few European jazz musicians of true originality. 2008. [8] The birth certificate refers to "Jean Reinhart, son of Jean Baptiste Reinhart, artist, and Laurence Reinhart, housewife, domiciled in Paris".[9]. Due to the massive popularity which he earned over the course of his career, every year Django festivals are held across the US and Europe. The recording was issued for the first time in the late 1950s. Jean "Django" Reinhardt (23 January 1910 - 16 May 1953) was a Belgian guitarist and composer credited with popularizing Gypsy jazz, as well as conceptualizing the style together with several other Gypsy musicians.Reinhardt's nickname purportedly means "I Awake" in the Romani language, however it may also simply have been a diminutive, or local Walloon version, of "Jean". Once the war ended, he spent some time touring the US. According to author Michael Dregni, Lousson spent a number of years travelling in Italy, then returned to France in the early 1990s. He knocked over a candle, which ignited the extremely flammable celluloid that his wife used to make artificial flowers. Vola invited them to jam with his jazz ensemble, consisting of violinist Stephane Grappelli and guitarist Roger Chaput who was sometimes replaced with Pierre Ferret. Show all results: In his later style (c.1946 onwards) Reinhardt began to incorporate more bebop influences in his compositions and improvisations, also fitting a Stimer electric pickup to his acoustic guitar. He knocked over a candle, which ignited the extremely flammable celluloid that his wife used to make artificial flowers. Even today, nobody has really come to the state that he was playing at. Often regarded as the first important European jazz musician who made major contributions to the development of the idiom, he is also revered by guitarists worldwide as among the foremost exponents of the instrument. Severe rationing was in place, and members of Django's circle were being captured by the Nazis or joining the resistance. Guitarist Mike Peters notes that "the word 'genius' is bantered about too much. [39] American country music artists Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard named their sixth and final collaborative studio album "Django and Jimmie". Soon thereafter, the couple split up. On 16 May 1953, while walking from the Gare de FontainebleauAvon Station after playing in a Paris club, he collapsed outside his house from a brain hemorrhage. Jean Reinhardt, known by his Romani nickname Django, was a Romani-Belgian jazz guitarist and composer. Discover Very Best of Django Reinhardt [Greatest Hits] by Django Reinhardt released in 2007. The wagon was quickly engulfed in flames. It was a Saturday, and it took a full day for a doctor to arrive. Reinhardt was born on 23 January 1910 in Liberchies, Pont--Celles, Belgium,[7] into a Belgian family[3] of Manouche Romani descent. Django Reinhardt, January 23, Gypsy Jazz great Django Reinhardt was born Jean Reinhardt on the 23 January 1910 in Belgium into a Roma family who traveled around France and Belgium, He came from a musical family as his father was a musician and his mother a dancer. [2]:157 In addition to the increased interest, many American musicians based in Paris during the thirties had returned to the US at the beginning of the war, leaving more work for French musicians. His final years were difficult. [ 6] At 18, Django married Bella, a girl from his gypsy camp. One noteworthy gain from the trip to America was that he had left France playing swing, but returned thinking of beebop and modern jazz which would be the new direction he ultimately took. Luckily, the young artist recovered unexpectedly well and within a year was able to walk again with the use of a cane. Gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt was the first famous European jazz musician. Django Reinhardt Jean Baptiste Reinhardt Guitarrista de jazz y compositor belga Naci el 23 de enero de 1910 en Liverchies, Blgica, en medio de una gira artstica familiar y en el seno de una familia gitana. "[42], The popularity of gypsy jazz has generated an increasing number of festivals, such as the Festival Django Reinhardt held every last weekend of June since 1983 in Samois-sur-Seine (France),[43][44] the various DjangoFests held throughout Europe[45] and the US, and Django in June, an annual camp for Gypsy jazz musicians and aficionados. This technique permits him to play with an inconceivable velocity and makes his instrument completely versatile. Many guitar players and other musicians have expressed admiration for Reinhardt or have cited him as a major influence. A number of musicians named their sons Django in reference to Reinhardt, including David Crosby, former Slade singer Noddy Holder, Jerry Jeff Walker, Richard Durrant, and actors Nana Visitor and Raphael Sbarge. It was this new method centered around his deformed hand that in part contributed to Django's unique style full of the wildly choreographed arpeggios that he is famous for now. At 1:13, Django uses enclosures, or "upper/lower neighbors," to outline the chord tones in his arpeggio. It's the first time I have heard the composition on the organ. Dallas Baumgartner, a great-grandson by Lousson, is a guitarist who travels with the Romani and keeps a low public profile. He was once captured but a jazz loving German officer helped him escape. After Reinhardt died, his younger brother Joseph at first swore to abandon music, but he was persuaded to perform and record again. Django Jazz When Reinhardt first heard American jazz musicians like guitarist Eddie Lang, violinist Joe Venuti, and trumpeter Louis Armstrong, his improvisatory languageand, by extension, jazz guitar as we know itwas transformed.In 1931, Reinhardt met violinist Stphane Grappelli, and encounter that would lead to the formation of Quintette du Hot . He was declared dead on arrival at the hospital in Fontainebleau. Film Review: 'Django'. Django Reinhardt married Florine Mayer in 1927 according to gypsy custom although their marriage was not registered, and therefore not recognised under French law. Performers included Grappelli, Benny Carter, and Mike Peters with his group of seven musicians. He was later married to Sophie Ziegler from 1943 till his death in 1953. [2]:28 Reinhardt was able to make a living playing music by the time he was 15, busking in cafs, often with his brother Joseph. The live cuts from Club St. Germain in February 1951 are a revelation. In 1965, he had his first short-lived marriage to Carla Evonne Stewart, which ended after only one year of wedlock. [13]:12, While developing his interest in jazz, Reinhardt met Stphane Grappelli, a young violinist with similar musical interests. He became adept at stealing chickens. Le jeune Jean Reinhardt, dit Django , dcouvre la musique par la pratique du violon puis du banjo ; il est sollicit dans l'orchestre paternel. Jean Reinhardt (23 January 1910 - 16 May 1953), known by his stage name Django Reinhardt ( French: [do jnat] or [do ent] ), was a Belgian-born Romani-French jazz guitarist and composer. This marriage also produced one son. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Following once more in Manouche tradition, Reinhardt married Florine Mayer, usually known as 'Bella', a girl from the same gypsy settlement. Probably the thing about this music that makes it always challenging and exciting to play is that Django raised the bar so high, that it is like chasing genius to get close to his level of playing.[37]. Reinhardt was attracted to music at an early age, first playing the violin. After having played a broad spectrum of music, he was introduced to American jazz by an acquaintance, mile Savitry, whose record collection included such musical luminaries as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Joe Venuti and Eddie Lang. 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