The ancient Egyptian military, like all armies, was a product of the society that created it. In this role he was benevolent but some inscriptions suggest he was an enemy of order who threatened the deceased king on his entrance to the underworld. This weapon was simply a short stick or club that was thrown at the enemy. Uajyt (Wadjet or Uto) - Associated with Nekhbet, a protective goddess of Lower Egypt. He is one of the most popular gods in Egyptian history who protected women and children, fended off evil, and fought for divine order and justice. The Roman Empire and Qing Dynasty are now only ruins, but there's far more to discover about the ancient world. H036 WWII Chinese … Shu and Tefnut were the first two gods Atum created either by mating with his shadow or by spitting. His cult naturally merged with that of his wife and the Cult of Isis, with its symbolism of salvation, eternal life, the dying and reviving god, and the divine son born of a virgin mother, would later influence the development of early Christianity. Anubis is depicted as a man with the head of a dog or jackal carrying a staff. Heka was the god of magic and medicine but was also the primordial force, pre-dating all the other gods, who enabled the act of creation and sustained both mortal and divine life. Hatmehit (Hatmehyt) - She was a fish goddess worshipped in the Delta region of Mendes. Triads are also seen in depictions of the afterlife where ram, lion, and jackal-headed gods are grouped together. Iah was eventually absorbed into the god Khonsu. His feminine aspect was called on to combat these forces. She is the guardian goddess over Duamutef, one of the Four Sons of Horus who watch over the canopic jars in the tombs and is also depicted as a just judge of the dead in the Hall of Truth. He was probably an early fertility god and is associated with the moringa tree which, in an early myth, he liked to rest beneath. Set is often characterized as "evil", and did manifest many evil qualities, but was not regarded by the ancient Egyptians as an embodiment of evil or darkness. Seret - A leonine protective goddess probably from Libya. She was worshipped at Hermopolis where she was considered the wife of Nehebkau. The more famous gods became state deities while others were associated with a specific region or, in some cases, a ritual or role. The Greeks equated him with Apollo. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The piercing axe was developed later than the cutting axe and was designed to penetrate through armor. Submitted by Joshua J. The ancient … She was worshipped in the Delta region and associated with Neith and Wadjet as a protective goddess. Kek and Kauket - Gods of obscurity and night, members of the original Ogdoad of Hermopolis. His image was softened by others showing his benign and peaceful side as lord of the wine press and this was softened further as he became associated with oils and perfumes. The work was so brilliant it was considered the work of a god and he was deified after death. He was the son of Tasenetnofret, a local goddess of Kom Ombo who was a manifestation of Hathor. Sia is depicted as a man standing at the right side of Ptah (later, Atum/Ra) and held his papyrus scroll. She protected people from venomous bites, especially from scorpions, and predates Serket who later took on that role. Wenenu - A protective god, aspect of Osiris or sometimes Ra, consort of Unut. Shezmu - God of wine and, later, of perfume and plenty who personified the positive and negative aspects of drunkenness. She was invoked regularly for protection of children and help during pregnancy and birth. In Egyptian mythology, she is given as a consort to Set, along with Anat, by the goddess Neith. Warriors on chariots would often keep a spear with them so as not to be weaponless when they ran out of arrows. Each deity had their own area of expertise but were often associated with several spheres of human life. The gods provided people with all good gifts but it was heka which allowed them to do so. He was eventually absorbed by Wepwawet or it could be that Wepwawet (whose name means "Opener of the Ways") was simply one of Sed's epithets which became more popular. H034 WWI French Infantry (1914) H035 World War I German Army. Ishtar - The Mesopotamian goddess of love, sexuality, and war. As the constellation, she is sometimes known as Reret-weret ("The Great Sow") and was referred to as Mistress of the Horizon. Heka - One of the oldest and most important gods in ancient Egypt. Mehit (Meyht) - She was a moon goddess from the Early Dynastic Period (c. 31250-2613 BCE) identified with the concept of the Distant Goddess who departs from Ra and returns to bring transformation. The typical sword was about two feet long. After giving birth to the sun, she placed it between her horns and every morning lifted it into the sky. Sokar is often depicted as a funerary mound surrounded by falcon heads, as a falcon, or as a falcon-headed man. He was identified with both Ra and Horus and is depicted as a falcon wearing a horned headdress (the hemhem crown) or a human wearing the same crown with serpents. H033 Chinese Qing Dynasty Troopers. It was associated with Osiris through the imagery of rebirth as the bird was closely connected to the sun which died each night and rose again the next morning. He was depicted as a lion or a man with a feathered headdress. It is not surprising then that there were over 2,000 deities in the Egyptian pantheon. He was lord of the wild animals and weapons and so could control both to protect a person who invoked his name. He entered the Egyptian pantheon through trade and made his way into Egyptian mythology through stories of his battles with Set. Bennu - An avian deity better known as the Bennu Bird, the divine bird of creation and inspiration for the Greek Phoenix. The Egyptian military readily adapted enemy weapons and technologies, becoming a powerhouse of the ancient world and one of the great military forces of history. Its ground area is 140 X 118 m., its height 60 m., its outside enclosure 545 X 277 … The chariot was introduced into Egypt by their enemies the Hyksos, who at one point conquered lower Egypt. A story known as Isis and the Seven Scorpions tells of how Isis was insulted by a rich woman once and Serket, who had sent her seven scorpions along as Isis' bodyguards, instructed one of them to sting the woman's son. His birth is honored in wall inscriptions at birth houses in Dendera in the belief that joy and music should welcome children to earth at their birth. Anubis - God of the dead associated with embalming. Souls of Nekhen and Pe - Protective spirits who were considered the ancestral souls of the city of Nekhen in Upper Egypt (also known as Hierakonopolis) and the city of Pe in Lower Egypt (also known as Buto). Hetepes-Sekhus - A personification of the Eye or Ra who appears as a cobra goddess in the afterlife and destroys the enemies of Osiris. Weneg - A protective god first referenced in the Old Kingdom period (c. 2613-2181 BCE) who held up the sky and maintained order between the heavens and the earth. See Onuris. The book was considered so important it was required instruction for children of the monarchy. Satis (Satet or Satit) - Goddess of the southern border of Egypt with Nubia and associated with Elephantine in the region of Aswan. The pyramids of Giza are associated with Ra as the supreme lord and creator god who ruled over the land of the living and the dead. She is only mentioned in a Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 BCE) inscription as a goddess of a region of Egypt inhabited mainly by Libyans - the 3rd Lower Egypt nome (province). She was the daughter of Ra and, in some stories, wife of Horus the Elder. were more flexible than wooden bows allowing for arrows to be shot further and faster. In fact, almost all Egyptian gods sported animal heads on top of their human bodies. She is also linked to Sothis (Sopdet), the personification of the star Sirius whose appearance in the night sky heralded the inundation. Eventually, she was absorbed by Hathor who took on her characteristics. Her name means "Powerful" and is usually interpreted as "The Female Powerful One". For more on the problems of ancient Egyptian chronology and the Turin Canon, see Problems Dating Hatshepsut. She was thought to have invented birth and was closely associated with living and growing things. Hathor was famously associated with the sycamore tree and known as "Lady of the Sycamore" but Isis was also linked to this tree. Ptah-Sokar-Osiris - A hybrid god of these three associated with creation, death, and rebirth. Sopdu (Soped or Sopedu) - A protective god of the eastern border of Egypt who guarded over the outposts and soldiers on the frontier. Depicted as a strong young man with the sign of the desert over his head. At Saqqara, the priests began to worship a hybrid god they called Osiris-Apis who was the god in bull form. Yam - The Phoenician god of the sea who battled the Lord Baal for control of the world. The ancient Egyptian military is often imagined in modern films and other media as a heavily armed and disciplined fighting force equipped with powerful weapons. Iw - A creation goddess worshipped at Heliopolis associated with Hathor and Atum, combining the qualities of Hathor, Nebet, and Hetepet. Like the other leonine deities, she is a fierce protector of her followers and avenges wrongs done to them. Egyptian God Osirisby Ali Kalamchi (Copyright). By the time of the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) the Egyptians had identified five of the planets which they referred to as "Stars That Know No Rest" and associated with gods: the called Mercury 'Sebegu' (a form of the god Set); Venus ("The One Who Crosses" and "God of the Morning"); Mars ("Horus of the Horizon" and "Horus the Red"); Jupiter ("Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"); Saturn ("Horus Bull of the Heavens"). Neper - God of the grains, son of the harvest goddess Renenutet. See Wadj-Wer. He was said to have killed two serpents and entwined them on a staff as a symbol of his power; this image (borrowed from the Sumerians, actually) was passed on to the Greeks who associated it with their god Hermes and called it the caduceus. Ma'at walked with one through life, was present in the form of the Feather of Truth at the soul's judgment after death, and continued as a presence in the paradise of the Field of Reeds. Only one Mnevis bull could exist at any one time and another was chosen only after the first died. https://www.ancient.eu/article/885/. Mehen - The serpent god who wrapped himself around Ra in the sun barge to protect him from Apep's attacks. Although she never had a temple of her own, as R.H. Wilkinson observes, "by virtue of her role in the foundation ceremony she was a part of every temple building" (167). He is usually depicted as a man with the head of a hawk but is represented by many different images. His association with the primordial mound linked him with Ptah and, through Ptah, with Atum and Ra, the other names for the creator god/sun god. His consorts were Anat and Astarte, both goddesses associated with war and both from foreign countries, as well as Taweret, the benign protective goddess of childbirth and fertility. The ancient Chinese weapon, the zhua, is one of the most unusual weapons in history. In the afterlife she appeared as the "Lady of Justification" linking her with the goddess Ma'at. Shezmu is depicted in the Pyramid Text 403 killing and cooking the gods for the king's pleasure and, by the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) was seen tormenting the souls of the dead as he "lassoes the damned and corrals them for slaughter, squeezing their heads like grapes in a bloody image of destruction" (Wilkinson, 129). She was a minor goddess who was eventually totally eclipsed by Hathor in regard to music. He is referred to as "Father of the gods" in the Pyramid Texts and was an important aspect of funerary rites where he welcomed the king to the afterlife. She set the stars in the sky and regulated the seasons. Her name means "She Who Runs" for the speed with which she dispensed justice. He is depicted as a red beast with cloven hooves and a forked tale and is the prototype for the later iconography of the Christian Devil. Ra then had a vat of beer dyed red, to resemble blood, and placed at Dendera which Hathor, in her blood lust, drank. Tree Goddesses - A number of well-known Egyptian goddesses were associated with trees, most notably Isis, Hathor, and Nut. In the earthly realm, he ensured the proper resources reached the eastern border garrisons and helped the king control native populations in those regions. As a protective god, Bes also fended off dark magic, ghosts, spirits, and demons. The other gods implored Ra to stop her destruction before no humans were left to benefit from the lesson. Ancient Egyptian Weapons List Bow and Arrow. Iah (Yah) - A god of the moon who figures prominently in the Egyptian calendar. She was also referred to as Uajyt in her aggressive form and was the counter-balance to the more motherly Nekhbet, her sister. She ravaged the land until the other gods implored Ra to stop her before humans were destroyed completely. His statuary, along with another god named Tabo, has often been found near doorways giving rise to the interpretation that he was a guardian god. She is depicted as a woman with a house on her head. Panebtawy - The child god, personification of the king as divine son of Horus and also of Horus as a child. The ancient Egyptians observed the female hippopotamus to be extremely protective of her children which led to the form of this goddess. It was used to rip away the weapons and shields of the enemy. She was known as "Lady of the Acacia", an epithet later attributed to Hathor. Nephthys - A funerary goddess, one of the first five gods born of Geb and Nut after the creation of the world, wife of Set, twin sister of Isis, and mother of Anubis. She was known as "Smiter of the Nubians" in this regard but she also brought natural disaster. Her characteristics were later largely absorbed by Isis. He was later considered his own deity and became associated with sweet-smelling flowers. Hathor became associated with the sistrum specifically and music generally but, earlier, Merit was the goddess who "conducted" the symphony of order which accompanied creation. She is depicted as a woman wearing a crown with an ostrich feather. Weapons are important instruments and are essential during wars. Egyptian kings identified themselves with Osiris in death and he is usually depicted as a mummy (symbolizing death) and with green or black skin (symbolizing the fertility of the Nile region and life). Other gods were even considered mere aspects of Amun at this time. He was worshipped as the deity who protected one from snake bites and some form of Sepa was venerated in the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE). Wilkinson notes inscriptions which reference "crossing the great green" by foot which would indicate a land-crossing through the Delta region instead of the sea. The following list of the gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt is derived from numerous works on the subject which follow below in the bibliography. The boy was going to die from the venom but Isis saved him and forgave the woman. Ma'at - Goddess of truth, justice, and harmony, one of the most important deities in the Egyptian pantheon. He held power over fire and was strong enough to destroy the gods. She may have been an early Mother Goddess who evolved into a deity who protected people (especially children) from scorpion venom and then to one who protected from all venom. Beer was referred to as "the milk of Heset". Imhotep - The vizier of king Djoser (c. 2670 BCE) who designed and built the Step Pyramid. The two were gone so long that Atum came to miss them and sent his eye (the Eye of Ra) in search of them. The Egyptians improved the chariot design of the Hyksos making their chariots lighter and faster. She provided pure, cool water to the souls of the deceased as they awaited judgment in the Hall of Truth. Tutu - A protective god known as "He Who Keeps Enemies at a Distance", worshipped during the latter part of Egypt's history. Reshep is uniformly depicted as a strong warrior holding a raised war club and wearing a skirt and long Mesopotamian-styled beard. When these crocodiles died they were mummified and buried with all the care given to a person. She is usually represented as a serpent but later as a woman wearing the uraeus with horns and the sun disk overhead. Both are seen in tomb inscriptions of the kings kneeling to honor the deceased king's arrival in the afterlife. Hathor - One of the best known, most popular, and most important deities of ancient Egypt. Kagemni - A vizier to the king Sneferu (c. 2613-2589 BCE) who wrote the wisdom text known as Instructions of Kagemni. Web. Her name means "Holy" and she is always depicted as a slim naked woman holding the symbols of eroticism and fertility; lotus blossoms in her right hand and snakes or papyrus stems in her left. Isis Figurineby Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). He was never worshipped with a temple but a Cult of Ba-Pef existed to help appease the god and protect the king. As a god of pestilence, he is also linked to Set, god of chaos and the arid wastes. He won and divided the moonlight hours into days which, because they were not part of the days of the year decreed by Atum, Nut could give birth in. Amunhotep (Amenhotep), Son of Hapu - God of healing and wisdom. When the eye returned with them, Atum was so happy he cried and his tears created human beings. As an example of learning from their enemies, the After the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE, her worship traveled to Greece and then to Rome. The ancient Egyptians would often incorporate new weapons used by their enemies and from lands that they conquered. He was probably originally a lunar god, son of Atum (Ra) but later texts represent him as the son of Horus. His name only appears in the Book of the Dead. Shepet - A protective goddess who was an aspect of the hippopotamine deities Reret or Taweret worshipped at Dendera. Bastet was one of the most popular deities of ancient Egypt. His name means "First of the Westerners" (also given as "Foremost of the Westerners") in reference to his role as a god of the dead (associated with the west). Ancient History Encyclopedia, 14 Apr 2016. Shesmetet - A protective leonine goddess known as "Lady of Punt" and most likely an important goddess brought to Egypt through trade with Punt. Ash (As) - God of the Libyan desert, a kindly deity who provided the oasis for travelers. She was known to the Greeks as Saosis. She is depicted as a cow or a woman with a cow's head and evolved from the earlier goddess Bat. Heret-Kau - A protective goddess whose name means "She Who is Above the Spirits". He is an early example of the Dying and Reviving God figure in mythology who leant himself to the later version of this figure, Jesus Christ. She is depicted as a woman with the head of a lion. He was originally a Canaanite god associated with destruction who planted a tree of death. He had his own temple at Heliopolis where he was associated with Osiris in a mummified form symbolizing his protective powers in the afterlife. Her name means "Great Flood" and she is associated with fertility and abundance. Nebethetpet - A goddess worshipped at Heliopolis as the personification of the hand of Atum, the active, feminine principle of the god. Mafdet (Mefdet) - She was an early goddess of justice who pronounced judgment and meted out execution swiftly. The king was thought to be the living incarnation of Horus and, through him, the god gave all good things to his people. Ba-Pef - God of terror, specifically spiritual terror. Khepri - An aspect of Ra the sun god in his morning form, represented by the scarab beetle. He is an ancient god going back to the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150-2613 BCE). The kings of Egypt, with some exceptions, all linked themselves with Horus in life and with Osiris in death. Ma'at embodied the principle of ma'at (harmony) which was central to the culture of ancient Egypt. Her name means "Mistress of the Temple Enclosure" or "Mistress of the House" referring to a heavenly house or temple. Sah and Sothis in the heavens reflected the divine couple Osiris and Isis and the god Sopdu, (son of Sothis), the astral form of Horus. The ancient Egyptian civilization, a majestic civilization from the banks of the Nile, is known for its prodigious culture, its pharaohs, the enduring pyramids, and the Sphinx. She was also the patron goddess of scribes. Ha provided protection from the Libyans and opened oases for travelers in the desert. Isis returns Osiris to life but, because he is incomplete, descends to the underworld as Lord of the Dead. Their battles, which lasted for eighty years, are described in the text The Contendings of Horus and Set and were resolved in one version by Isis while, in another, by Neith with Horus declared rightful king and Set banished to the desert lands. He was the patron god of sculptors and craftsmen as well as builders of monuments as he was thought to have sculpted the earth. He was a desert god who brought the evil winds of the dry lands to the lush Nile Valley and was associated with foreign lands and people. She became increasingly identified with Isis and was eventually absorbed into that goddess completely. Sobek - An important protective deity in the form of a crocodile or a man with a crocodile's head, Sobek was a god of water but also associated with medicine and particularly surgery. Anhur (Han-her) - Also known as Onuris by the Greeks. Taweret is closely associated with Hathor and called "Follower of Horus" both of which distance her from Set. He presided over the Sed Festival (also known as the Heb-Sed Festival) which was held every thirty years of a king's rule to rejuvenate him. Humans were then placed in a womb from which they were born on earth. Harpocrates - The Greek and Roman name for Horus the Child, son of Osiris and Isis. Typical ancient Egyptian weapons included bows and arrows, spears, slings, maces, daggers, and throw sticks. She cared for people in life and appeared to them after death to help guide them safely to paradise. He is often represented as more of a spirit (a 'demon', though not at all in the modern-day understanding of that word) than a deity but was worshipped as a god and featured on a number of everyday items in the homes of the Egyptians such as furniture, mirrors, and knife handles. Although it was not militarily innovative itself, Egyptian society could be very conservative. When a major god evolved from an earlier minor deity, it is noted. She was worshipped from the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 BCE) where she was represented as guarding the king's head, protecting him after death, gathering up his bones, and assuring him welcome by the other gods in the afterlife. In the story, after Osiris is murdered by his brother Set, Horus is raised by his mother in the Delta swamps. By the time of the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE) he was extremely popular and worshipped as the greatest among the gods after Amun. Their names mean "endlessness" and they were among the original gods of the Ogdoad. Kek and Kauket were the male/female aspects of darkness but not in any way associated with evil. We Are Working From Home, Social Distancing, Wearing Masks, And Sanitizing To Pack Orders!!! Once the soul had made the Negative Confessions (Declaration of Innocence) the Forty-Two Judges advised Osiris on whether the confession should be accepted. He evolved from a god of agriculture and growth to the god of craftsmen and guardian of the Memphis necropolis after Osiris became more popular. H029 Ancient Chinese Shang vs Zhou Dynasty Troopers. Ancient Egyptian culture grew out of an understanding of these deities and the vital role they played in the immortal journey of every human being. Min - An ancient fertility god from the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE). She is the second-born of the First Five Gods (Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus the Elder), sister-wife of Osiris, mother of Horus the Younger, and symbolically understood as the mother of every king. Worship of the gods of Egypt evolved over time as large cults developed on a local and then on a national scale (99). Wepwawet (Wepiu or Wepuaut) - One of the most ancient gods of Egypt and the oldest depiction of a jackal god, pre-dating Anubis, with whom he is often confused. The temple's reliefs show the god-brothers offering gifts to Isis. In time, she became closely associated with Meskhenet, goddess of childbirth and destiny, and even superceded her to determine the length of a person's life and significant events which would befall them. By the time of the New Kingdom he was considered the most powerful god in Egypt and his worship bordered on monotheism. His name and attributes were later absorbed by Osiris. Sekhmet continued to exist in her leonine form, however, and was the patron deity of the military for her powers of destruction and vengeance. Afterwards, it determined what would and would not be included in creation. Khentekhtai (Khente-Khtai) - He was a crocodile god worshipped in the Fourth Dynasty (c. 2613-2498 BCE) at the city of Athribis. Sopdu was associated with Horus and the deified king in his astral form. Mnevis (Mer-Wer or Nem-Wer) - Mnevis was the sacred bull of Heliopolis considered an aspect of the sun god Ra. He presided over the west, had the form of a hawk, and was watched over by Serket. Osiris was originally a fertility god who grew in popularity and influence through the Osiris Myth in which he is killed by his brother, Set, brought back to life by his wife Isis, fathers sky god Horus, and descends to the underworld as Judge of the Dead. He was worshipped at Memphis during the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) and continued to be venerated primarily in that region through the rest of Egypt's history. Her association with measurements eventually made her the patroness of builders, architects, and those who dealt in accounting for cattle, other animals, and captives seized in war. Son of Hathor and Horus the Elder. Sutekh - The Semitic name for the god Set (Seth) which the people known as the Hyksos introduced during the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1782-1570 BCE). She represented the constellation Draco and was a protectress of the sun barge as it made its way through the underworld. The story of Menhit, Onuris, and the Eye of Ra is an example of the Distant Goddess motif where the eye leaves Ra and returns or is returned, bringing transformation. Ra-Harakhte (Raharakty or Ra-Harakhty) - A falcon god amalgam of Ra and Horus who personified the sun at the two horizons, sunrise and sunset. 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