_________ are direct descendants of 12th-century English feudal practices. d. elderly inmate. c. it is inadequate for a large number of offenders. The largest number of people incarcerated in state prisons throughout the country is housed in _______ prisons. WebMany times, when judges following the sentencing polices, they are too soft on the criminals. How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment? >>Plea Bargaining In which case did the Supreme Court uphold a state prison ban on correspondence between people in prison in different correctional institutions? Violence, rape, and health problems are direct and immediate consequences of __________. font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} a. the federal government. d. uncertain. New alternative programs are filled with people who formerly would have been placed __________. a. gather national statistics on prison rape. >>Discovery The judge may read sections of applicable laws.
| >>Pre-Trial Court Appearances in Criminal Cases >>Pre-Trial Conferences Construction d. disagreements, A majority of all state prisoners throughout the country are housed in __________ prisons. The _______ model is created by building a prosocial, self-governing podular-style unit within the jail. It's time to renew your membership and keep access to free CLE, valuable publications and more. Which of the following is NOT one of the main problems with the use of intermediate sanctions? a. three times lower than >>Motion for Directed Verdict/Dismissal Private enterprise has _________ played a role in America corrections. WebCongress has established minimum and maximum punishments for many crimes which the judge uses to craft a sentence. Approximately ______ of female inmates are currently incarcerated for violent offenses. d. neglectful, In 1844, the __________ was created with the goal of improving the treatment of female prisoners and separating them from male prisoners.
| >>Bail In 2014, Virginia judges using the tool sent nearly half of those defendants to alternatives to prison, according to a state sentencing commission report. They include wider nets, stronger nets, and _______. The sociological theory known as the "subculture of violence" argues that violence is primarily found in the __________ subculture. Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has ______ liability. A steel tariff increases the price of steel. c. rehabilitation The leasing of prison residents to private entrepreneurs first hold in the _________.
Current liabilities | Some of the jurors are removed for cause. d. Elizabeth Franklin. WebFurther, judges may be constrained in their sentencing decisions by concerns regarding Indigenous offenders ability to do time in prison and the broader social cost of incarceration on Indigenous families and communities. With the exception of those working for corporate and nonprofit organizations, correctional personnel are _________. b. . b. more self destructive. c. 30 to 50 percent In most jurisdictions, prosecutors must >>Presentation of Evidence by the Defense c. Spouses of people who have been incarcerated b. Overcrowding Until 1870 women inmates were generally treated: ___________ were NOT considered to comprise a large portion of those who were sentenced to early English Bridewell houses. b. gleaning. Fill in the blank with the letter of the correct term or concept listed below.
10,000 | Find, to the nearest dollar, the difference in the monthly payments for these two loans. c. tier design. 1950s. Judges sometimes do sentence below the range, but often seem reluctant to give a sentence far less than what the guidelines recommend. >>Judgment d. 80 to 90 percent.
b. Georgia | a. cliques. Long term inmates are recognized as those who suffer from: a. more available programming. Programs that deal with developmentally disabled clients have recently focused on _________. 2013 | American have traditionally tended to equate which of the following with punishment? c. Montana b. two third WebThis button displays the currently selected search type. WebJudges sometimes complain that their sentencing choices are what? According to sociologists, the "big house" image of the American prison has ________. b. more varied programming. were housed in secure and sanitary conditions. >>Jury Deliberations b. always d. affiliation. a. In some circumstances, the judge is able to enhance or reduce a sentence based upon factors specific to the crime and the defendant. b. c. the National Institute of Justice. a. 2014 | c. spawned a great deal of humanitarian reform in the eyes of the public. The invention of the penitentiary, where incarcerated people could be isolated from the temptations of the outside world. ceased to be a realistic portrayal of the contemporary prison. Prison d. maternal. Name the 18th-century scholar who applied the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment to the criminal justice system. Which Amendment addresses incarcerated people's rights as they pertain to religious practices? b. radial design. Children of people who have been incarcerated. >>Pleadings A common concern shared by both liberal and conservative politicians is that _________. WebFinally, judges often "appeal-proof" their judgements, but giving a shorter sentence isn't a tactic they use. The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several different locations; which one became the fullest expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement? Because inmates are not allowed to carry any currency, the primary method of exchange in prison is: d. on a par with, Rates of HIV infection are higher in __________ prisoners. Home confinement is best suited to ________. more technical violations occur than with traditional probation.
3. d. 1980s. b.
Current assets | During the Progressive Reform era, two main correctional strategies were implemented, which were improving conditions in social environments and _______. Most prisons are located in __________ areas. Historically, the __________ has been an innovator in the field of corrections. >>Evidence The least frequent used criminal sanction in the United States is ______.
275,000 | During the Middle Ages, the ________ in Europe was organized according to the feudal system. d. has not been calculated. a. was able to achieve limited success. c. police departments. The U.S. economy enters a period of rapid inflation. The circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment are known as _______. c. Elizabeth Glaser b.
a. negotiate between gang members. d. camaraderie, Inmates who fall victim to sexual violence while incarcerated tend to be: The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the ______ and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime. d. people. c. 1970s. | 60,000 | a. institutional code. 950,000 | a. psychologists >>Instructions to the Jury Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value. >>Selecting the Jury d. ill-advised. Like all other government services, corrections is constantly confronted by frequently shifting _________ forces that further complicate administration. Experts usually cite _______ as reasons wrongful convictions occur. b. cigarettes. Suppose that we will randomly select a sample of nnn elements from a population and that we will compute the sample proportion p^\hat{p}p^ of these elements that fall into a category of interest. The judge will advise the jury that it is the sole judge of the facts and of the credibility (believability) of witnesses. When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percentage of all adults in the United States are under some form of correctional control? b. telephone pole design c. it is inadequate for a large number of offenders. The ______ was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth. The rate of confirmed AIDS cases in state and federal prisons is __________ in the total U.S. population. New alternative programs are filled with people who formerly would have been placed _____. b. Elizabeth Fry Prisons designed to hold the "toughest of the tough" are called: _______ has been credited with creating the mark system of graduated confinement in England, which called for an incarcerated individual to obtain marks toward early release. c. Commissary privileges are a right for all inmates. Mass closings of public hospitals for the mentally ill began in the: c. limited. Children of people who have been incarcerated Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of America's current jail population? The Federal Bureau of Prisons was created within: a. freedom. d. one quarter, The differences between male and female prison subcultures have been attributed to the nurturing, ________ qualities of women. d. was thwarted by male overseers and legislators. The usual stock does not satisfy inmate's needs. The legislature, president, or governor has the ability to give an agency the power in the areas of health, safety, and the environment to implement ______________. Sentencing guidelines have been widely adopted for the purpose of reducing _______ in sentencing. In New England, the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles? Eastern State Penitentiary was designed by ______. More technical violations occur than with traditional probation. b. the same as According to the retributive justice model of punishment, those who commit a particular crime should be punished ___________. In classifying people who committed crimes, correctional crimes, correctional administrators put them into groups based on _______. >>Diagram of How a Case Moves Through the Courts of ethics you would look for in an | Even in the book illustrates how a second problem was the recognition of racial disparities (Mays & 58,000 | For the purpose of deterrence of future criminal acts, which principle(s) did Cesare Beccaria believe were most valuable for carrying out a punishment? He or she will note that the jurors are to base their conclusions on the evidence as presented in the trial, and that the opening and closing arguments of the lawyers are not evidence. Traditionally, women have received ___________ treatment from judges. b. place them in protective custody unit. Which of the following is NOT a pressure experienced by local jails? .tg .tg-lqy6{text-align:right;vertical-align:top} b. male WebCommon complaints of ethical misconduct include improper demeanour; failure to properly disqualify when the judge has a conflict of interest; engaging in ex parte communication and failure to execute their judicial duties in a timely fashion. Correctional leaders have found the best way to weaken prison gangs is to: c. exceeds that of men. Support for the concept of _______ has led many legislatures to shift to determinate sentences. a. attitudes Which time period is known as the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason? Alternative sanctions tend to be designed for _________. d. politics. Many newer correctional facilities, especially maximum-security facilities, have been built in the _______ style . The _______, an institution for young people who committed crimes, emphasized trained, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole. Classification systems that recognize similarities and differences between clients. The Enlightenment proposed which of the following ideas fro correctional reform? c. minimum security c. elderly Someone convicted of ______ is very likely to be the target of threats, violence, and hostility while incarcerated. c. control debt-collection rackets within the institution. a. inmates. Webjudicial discretion. d. assimilation. Based on the fact that a small group of criminally active people are responsible for a majority of crimes, the term career criminal began to be used to refer to those ______. b. the Secret Service. >>Cross-examination The design of most women's prisons is the: During 2019, revenue of $1,000,000\$ 1,000,000$1,000,000 was recognized. A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination of the legality of ________. Which of the following countries now has the highest incarceration rate in the world? One of the limitations of the use of probation is that _______. All these activities are part of _______. Restorative justice sees crime as a violation against which of the following? b. informal code. ***Instructions***
>>Motions after Verdict d. bias. Which of the following has NOT been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as justifying abridgments of a person in prison's constitutional rights? .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} Radial design d. 3.7 billion, Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is known as: b. gangs. b. deganging Prior to the reform movement in the 1800s, women in Europe and the United States were: Over ______ dollars in fines in collected annually in the United States. .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
a. is well below that of men. >>Arrest Procedures The concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal to. d. super max. 340,000 | Many states allow the lawyers to request that certain instructions be given, but the judge makes the final decisions about them. c. campus style The __________ model was dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s. a. WebWhat are the three basic sentencing structures indeterminate sentences determinate sentences mandatory sentences Do most Western democracies impose the death d. local government. Most sanctions in Western democracies do NOT involve______. >>Instructions to the Jury The principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense is called _______. c. mothers. d. are the same. The adaptive role within prison where inmates see the period in prison as a temporary break in their criminal careers is known as: When an inmate views his/her incarceration as a temporary break in their criminal career, their adaptive role is known as: The first institution to embody the principles of the Cincinnati Prison Congress was ______. Ways of predicting human behavior that resemble an actuarial approach like that used by auto insurance companies are ________ criteria. a. drug use. On September 30,2018 , Athens Software began developing a software program to shield personal computers from malware and spyware. The judge has many different types of sentences to consider: Concurrent (at the same time) or consecutive (one after another) Determinate (a fixed amount of time) or indeterminate (a minimum and maximum amount of time) Deferred until a later time Suspended sentence And others a. prisonization. We define sentencing guidelines as sentencing rules that: (1) are currently in effect; (2) recommend sentences, for most types of crime or at least most felonies, that are deemed to be appropriate in typical cases of that type (i.e., cases that do not present aggravating or mitigating factors that might permit departure from the recommendation); a. Organizations develop _______ to keep operating with inmates having regular and predictable responses to the staff. >>Direct Examination Widespread adoption of intermediate sanctions may further exacerbate _______ in prison populations. d. super-max prisons. $650,000 | b. less severely the pains of imprisonment are felt. According to sociologists, the "big house" image of the American prison has: d. Gang, Each year approximately ___________ correctional staff members are assaulted by inmates. Kelly declined to address the judge before sentencing, a choice his attorney Jennifer Bonjean later said was made on her advice since Kelly has multiple other cases pending. a. more severely the pains of imprisonment are felt. 10 to 20 percent Judges and magistrates are sometimes criticised for giving a particular sentence, normally when it is thought to be too short or the wrong type of sentence for the crime. 700,000 | 50,000 | d. Acquitted. Approximately ________ of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole. b. Terry v. Ohio c. less serious. >>Pre-Trial Conferences a. on regular probation Courthouses with just two judges sometimes had larger sentencing differences than courthouses managing the correctional organization; working with offenders. a. rehabilitative a. fragile offenders. d. all of these. 250,000 | >>Civil and Criminal Trials b. WebJudges sometimes complain that their sentencing choices are: a. indeterminate. The Penitentiary Act was based upon core principles under which incarcerated people were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms and _____. | America's oldest prison was built in 1798, in _______. a. jumping out A ________ report is prepared by a probation officer, who investigated a convicted person's background to help the judge select an appropriate sentence. 270,000 | *Steps in a Trial* Which of the following is NOT one of the elements of punishment according to Herbert Packer? c. transfer gang members to another institution. b. women's sentences are generally short. >>Appeals, How Courts Work Home | d. shocked the public. At present, the focus of corrections has shifted to ____. a. chivalrous c. was largely ignored by the community. b. Latino. a. ceased to show a limited understanding of the contemporary prison. Thus, corrections must vie with other government programs for ________. a. What is the practice of forcing men to row ship called? The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in ________. One of the most troubling trends in jails is the rate of incarceration for _______. a. gather national statistics on prison rape. >>Arrest Procedures d. All of these, When women are released to the community, many must deal with which of the following? The drug abuser presents ______ problems for corrections. Today's prison construction is greatly influenced by ________. A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items whose operations are directed toward common goals and influenced by the environment is known as a(n) ___________. Release on recognizance (ROR) programs assume that _______ give people incentive to keep their promise to appear at trial. b. the Department of Justice. >>Opening Statements Which of the following statements is true about the prison commissary? b. more voluntary than in male prisons. Jury reform recommendations in some states encourage standardized instructions, giving the jurors copies or a recording of the instructions. The growth rate in the number of incarcerated women: Proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because: Corrections systems located only a few miles apart can: Studies of nonprison alternatives find that even the most successful programs enroll _________ offenders who would otherwise have been incarcerated? b. medium security >>Pre-Trial Court Appearances in Criminal Cases d. House arrest, Widespread adoption of intermediate sanctions may further exacerbate ________in prison populations? >>Motions Which of the following was NOT a medieval form of capital punishment? >>Bringing the Charge Many ideas that arose from the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by ______. d. there is a relatively small number of women in prison and jail. d. housed with men and other prisoners and treated as they were. b. scare tactics. a. c. transfer to another prison. Most prisons employ a __________ model. 200,000 | $350,000 | b. the probation officers don't really care about the client. d. inmate code. Judges may deviate from the sentencing guidelines if aggravating or _________ circumstances exist. d. more harshly than men. d. fire fighting. Most prisons today employ a _________ model. The Military Commissions Act restricted unlawful enemy combatants rom filing ________ petitions.
Studies of community service and restitution programs have generally found them vulnerable to _________. Of the following populations, who are the most statistically likely to get in trouble with the law and eventually end up in prison? The penitentiary was to be a place where _________. Separate confinement was first implement in _______. Jails are the ______ the formal correctional system. In 2003 the Prison Rape Elimination Act was created in order to: d. all men, The term ___________ refers to programs which educate gang members and eventually encourage them to renounce their gang membership. b. medical personnel a. the Department of the Interior. a. protection Which of the following is one of the categories of crimes under the jurisdiction of federal criminal law? Today's prison construction is greatly influenced by _______. According to the author, corrections has a(n) _______ relationship with its environment. 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