A tour of Gizas Pyramids will take at least three hours, and a 30-minute tour of the inside of each will take at least 30 minutes. These farmers and local villagers gathered at Giza to work for their god-kings, to build their monuments to the hereafter. Every time I go back to Giza my respect increases for those people and that society, that they could do it. Some monuments have names on either side of their monuments that identify a gang on one side and a rival on the other. So you're rotated back, but you're not the same. This diversion of the Nile River was a huge power move for the country's economic prospects, even though the environmental and cultural impacts on the area were devastating100,000 people were relocated and many archeological sites were lost. A major advance . The initials stand for Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall, and it's one of the largest construction firms; they're working right now on the Pentagon. When you build a dam or a big house, people will come to help you. Anyway, we think that that was the experience of the raw recruits. And in order to cut 2.6 million cubic meters of stone in 20 years, the project would have required about 1,500 quarrymen working 300 days a year and producing 0.25 cubic meter of stone per capita. No, they say it's a very impressive job, extraordinary for the people who lived then and there, but it could be done. At the time it was completed, this 10-mile tunnel in Switzerland was the longest road tunnel in the world. In the Bible, construction projects were carried out on behalf of the Pharaoh by enslaved people. We can go over the exact figures. Slaves appear to have lived relatively well despite the harsh conditions because of their ration of food. Copyright 2023 IEEE All rights reserved. And it comes out to between 400 and 500 men. 1,500 people were trapped including the chairmans own stepdaughter and 502 never made it out of the building. They must have been powerful socializing forces. It's like today. The pyramid's base covered over 13 acres and its sides rose at an angle of 51 degrees 52 minutes and were over 755 feet long. The tombs were discovered during the excavation of an ancient cemetery near Luxor, Egypt. And when they build their houses, you will do the same for them. The Panama Canal opened 100 years ago this month, one of the greatest engineering achievements in history. No, we're not recreating ancient society and ancient Pyramid-building 100 percent, probably not even 60 percent. The Giza Pyramids, built to endure an eternity, have done just that. They believed that if they did not reach the afterlife, they would not rule over the ka. Comes with twelve different courses comprised of a huge number of lessons, and each one will help you learn more about Python itself, and can be accessed when you want and as often as you want forever, making it ideal for learning a new skill. Pharaohs buried their wives and children in pyramids during the ancient Egyptians. Glass isnt much affected by the environment, but eventually windows will break away after the consequences of time due to wind vibrations, storms, etc, says Konstantinos Tsavdaridis, a materials scientist at the University of Leeds. ), and the first true pyramid . First of all, they say that only the second room is inscribed. They arent descendants of Jews, as previously stated, nor are they members of a lost civilization. They had accidents while building the Pyramids. Ive been in Dubai during a lightning storm and the Burj is like the lightning rod for the entire city every minute or so it will get hit, says Baker. Only the pyramids of Giza remain in their original condition, as well as the pyramids of Babylon. In ancient times they were included among the Seven Wonders of the World. The Pyramid, you know, has magic, it has mystery. But it's just impossible to get too many men on a block. During the Second Intermediate Period (1075945 B.C. Fourteen people died when a bomber flew in to the side of the Empire State Building in 1945 (Credit: Getty Images). In other words, it means a solid, disciplined, and powerful attitude. They were paid for their efforts as conscripted labor force members of the pyramids. Fine. This article appears in the June 2020 print issue as Building the Great Pyramid.. A passageways leads to the kings or queens burial chamber. Craftsmen and builders, as well as conscripted peasants, were the primary sources of labor. They have very specific calculations on every single aspect, from the gravel for the ramps to baking the bread. We don't know if it was entirely coercive, or if, in fact, part of it was a natural community donation as in the Incan Empire, for example, to building projects where they had a great party and so on. Important buildings like the Burj Khalifa are designed for events which occur just once in nearly two millennia. To some extent I think we feel the need to look for a lost civilization on time's other horizon because we feel lost in our civilization, and somehow we don't want to face the little man behind the curtain as you had in "The Wizard of Oz." According to Hawass, they literally worked themselves to death. But we are showing some nuts and bolts that are very useful and insightful, far more than all the armchair theorizing. In fact, the faster the shaking, the better. The Great Pyramids Of Giza: A Lasting Legacy Of Ancient Egyptian Civilization The households will send food to feed the workmen. The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three thousand years ago, and no one knows how. There's no end to conspiracy theories about who built the pyramids. Workers died on average between the age of 30 and 35, compared to between 50 and 60 for members of the nobility. 100% of all people who have climbed on the pyramids eventually die and those that have climbed on a pyramid or any ancient ruin in the past and who didn't die immediately have a one hundred percent chance of dying in the Continue Reading 9 2 More answers below Ross Fishman Hours later, loud bangs could be heard coming from the roof. The two scholars believe that Giza housed a skeleton crew of workers who labored on the Pyramids year-round. The methods used to construct the pyramids of Egypt have perplexed and perplexed historians and scientists for many years. Based on x-rays, the mens average age of death was between 30 and 35 years old. The race of all the people we found are completely supporting that they are Egyptians. I would like those people who talked about this to come with me. Just like early pyramids, the earliest generation of skyscrapers may be the most robust. When kept dry, reinforced concrete is a wonder material which may last forever. The structural materials are good for pretty much ever. Our stones were delivered by a flatbed truck as opposed to barges; we didn't reconstruct the barges that brought the 60-ton granite blocks from Aswan. His Great Pyramid is the largest in Giza and towers some 481 feet (147 meters) above the plateau. In addition to all the usual risks, building into the clouds carries some entirely of its own. Why is there a need to search for lost civilizations in times other horizon? Only the pyramids of Giza are in the same condition as they were when they were built. Pyramids of Giza, Arabic Ahrmt Al-Jzah, Giza also spelled Gizeh, three 4th- dynasty (c. 2575-c. 2465 bce) pyramids erected on a rocky plateau on the west bank of the Nile River near Al-Jzah (Giza) in northern Egypt. The best estimates are that 10,000 men spent 30 years building the Great Pyramid. So I went over, starting from that point of view, but everything I saw told me, day by day, year by year, that they were very human and the marks of humanity are everywhere on them. They were, in fact, some of the largest and most elaborate structures ever constructed. Workers are thought to have been housed in a skeleton crew on Gizas Pyramids all year long. They will work free for you. They were so confident in their abilities, many pyramids were named with the suffix of millions and millions of years. And the rope on the great day of bridge-building is wound into a great cable, and all the villages' cables are wound into this virtual bridge. You didn't see great images. So I said, taking just a raw figure, if 12 men in bare feetthey lived in a lean-to shelter, day and night, out thereif they can quarry 186 stones in 21 days, let's do the simple math and see, just in a very raw simplistic calculation, how many men were required to deliver 340 stones a day, which is what you would have to deliver to the Khufu Pyramid to build it in 20 years. An army of 36000 anonymous labourers took perhaps 20 years to build the Cheops pyramid before the king died in 2580 BC. Answer (1 of 14): A2A None. Many of them had settled in villages that were just as large as these massive structures. But the recent blockbuster in which a catastrophic Magnitude 9 ripples through San Francisco sending skyscrapers toppling to the ground would in reality have made far less compelling viewing. France managed the construction starting in 1880, which likely saw a death count of about 25,000 people, most killed not by construction incidents but by yellow fever and malaria. First of all, you see this cartouche of a King and then some scrawls all in red paint after it. Giza allows us to explore a long-vanished world. But have I ever questioned whether they had divine or super-intelligent inspiration? If you liked this story,sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called If You Only Read 6 Things This Week. The joints of numerous bones show wear and tear and many bodies have damaged spines. After the U.S. took over construction in 1904, figures collected on the canal's site show that 5,609 workers died of diseases and accidents. Pharaoh Khufu began the first Giza pyramid project, circa 2550 B.C. It was also one of the greatest sacrifices of human life in the name of construction, but tragically, it was far from the most deadly project in modern history. Of these, the Great Pyramid of Giza completed in 2540 BC is unrivalled, with superior materials, engineering and design to any built before or since. There is no accurate book until now that really explained all of that. The dominant factor with tall buildings is the wind, says Bill Baker, the structural engineer behind the Burj. How the Pyramids at Giza were built is one of Egypt's biggest mysteries. The question of how the pyramids were built has not received a wholly satisfactory answer. Then he fled the building. Slender buildings take a long time to sway back and forth for the Burj its about 11 seconds so it will move but it wont break, says Baker. It is impossible to know for certain what motivated the Ancient Egyptians to build their pyramids, but it is most likely that the pyramids served as a symbol of power and wealth for the Pharaohs and their elites. In addition to the Great Pyramid of Khufu, there are 104 pyramids in Egypt with superstructures. After the kings death in 2580 BC, an army of 36000 anonymous workers would have taken up to 20 years to build. Mark found the bakery, and we found this settlement of the camp, and hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Overseer of the Site of the Pyramid, the Overseer of the West Side of the Pyramid. Now, they did it with an iron cable and a winch that pulled the stone away from the quarry wall, and all their tools were iron. The pyramids were built by Pharaohs Khufu (tallest), Khafre (background), and Menkaure (front). The Secret Life of Scientists and Engineers. Was it, in fact, coercive? Menkaure, the son of Khufu and the heir apparent to Djedefre, was born in 1759. In fact, it gets more intriguing, because in certain monuments you find the name of one gang on one side of the monument and another gang, we assume competing, on the other side of the monument. And without any secret sophistication or hidden technology, just basically what archeologists say, this is what these folks had. So, for example, we have a name, compounded with the name of Menkaure, and it seems to translate "the Drunks (or the Drunkards) of Menkaure." So from this evidence we deduce that there was a labor force that was assigned to respective crew, gang, phyles, and divisions. New archaeological evidence shows that those who dragged and laid the 2.5-tonne granite blocks making up the pyramids were condemned to an early grave, and they died with deformed bones and broken limbs. The climate could be very uncomfortable for people laboring in unshaded sun to build the pyramids. . With up to a billion volts of electricity in a single bolt, skyscrapers are at risk of being hit by a force with more power than a nuclear reactor. In the meantime, Lehner has been excavating the bakeries that presumably fed this army of workers, while Hawass has been unearthing the cemetery for this grand labor force. Six skeletons have severed limbs or splintered feet. The exact number of deaths is unknown, but it is estimated that at least 4,000 workers died during the construction of the Great Pyramid. Even with materials, equipment and an advanced understanding of physics, the building didnt last five years, let alone 5,000. The builders were skilled, well-fed Egyptian workers who lived in a nearby temporary city. Inside the inner chambers and passages, a pyramid would have been constructed in place. The main pyramids, in addition to the valley temples, were used for mummification. According to Konstantinos, concrete structures will last longer, since rust sets in long before concrete begins to crumble. Well, working in such waysand I challenge anybody to join in the challengeit comes out that you can actually get the delivery that you need. The square base of a pyramid creates a very stable structure. We want that sound and fury. The two scholars believe that Giza housed a skeleton crew of workers who labored on the Pyramids year-round. Another explanation is sheer size. We found 600 skeletons. And then they go on down to Giza, and they come around this corner, actually the corner of the Wall of the Crow, right into the harbor, and there's the Khufu Pyramid, the biggest thing on the planet actually in the way of a building until the turn of the 20th century. Well, it's different between the core stones which were set with great slop factor, and the casing stones which were custom cut and set, one to another, with so much accuracy that you can't get a knife blade in between the joints. Perhaps they were the stone-cutters and -setters, and the experienced quarry men at the quarry wall. 3 Phases of Building the Pyramids Phase 1: Choosing the perfect building site Phase 2: Preparing the site Phase 3: Raising the blocks One of history's most ancient and unsolved puzzles is the construction of the pyramids. Yet scholars think they were built over mere decades for three pharaohs who were father, son, and grandson (Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure). What was the pyramids secret? If they are looked after I dont see why not, she says. The ancient Egyptians believed the afterlife would last forever and took great pains to ensure their tombs would too. I'm sure they'd be happy to go on record with their study, which looked at what they call "critical path analysis." It is a polyhedron with a regular polygon base, its volume is about 2.6 million cubic meters, and its original height was 146.6 meters, including the lost pyramidion, or capstone. The pyramids are now accessible to the general public, allowing visitors to examine the inner workings of these incredible monuments. In Egypt, it is not uncommon for workers to receive honors that are not accorded to others. The disbarred South Carolina attorney is charged with killing his wife, Maggie, and son, Paul, on the family's nearly 1,800-acre property on June 7, 2021. We found 12 skeletons who had accidents with their hands, and they supported the two sides of the hand with wood. Pyramid climbing was never always prohibited prior to the bans implementation in 1951, and there have been several fatalities as a result. Well, first of all, Herodotus just claims he was told that. In 1974, Kurt Mendelssohn, a German-born British physicist, put the labor force at 70,000 seasonal workers and up to 10,000 permanent masons. The pyramids of Giza were built from massive granite blocks. Even a hurricane wouldnt push them over. Nicknamed the "Death Railway" for obvious reasons, this 258-mile railroad was built by Japan to get its troops and supplies to Burma during World War II. But there must have been a cadre of very seasoned laborers who really knew how to cut stone so fine that you could join them without getting a razor blade in between. Graffiti depicts the organization of an assembly line where a gang of construction workers were organized into two groups. This doesn't count the men cutting the granite and shipping it from Aswan or the men over in Tura [ancient Egypt's principal limestone quarry, east of Giza]. In the 1990s, archaeologists uncovered a cemetery for workers and the foundations of a settlement used to house the builders of the two later pyramids at the site, indicating that no more than 20,000 people lived there. Several people have claimed that inscriptions in the five chambers of the Great Pyramid are not genuine. It was during the flooding season that they were forced to work. A total of 12 men in total in bare feet quarried 186 stones and opened a new quarry in 21 days. Every day, 340 stones are delivered, and 34 stones are delivered every hour within a ten-hour period, right? The challenge was to organize the labor, plan an uninterrupted supply of building stones, and provide housing, clothing, and food for labor gangs on the Giza site. It's a structure that was built 4,600 years ago. 2532 BCE - 2503 BCE. What tools did they have? Hawass believes they were not slaves but paid employees who were housed and fed by their employers, and were given medical treatment. Dividing the potential energy of the pyramid by 450 kJ implies that it took 5.3 million man-days to raise the pyramid. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? Unfazed by earthquakes, erosion or vandalism, theyve endured the collapse of the civilisation that built them and the transformation of the Sahara from lush grassland into todays vast desert. Egypts pyramids were the skyscrapers of their day and they are still standing 5,000 years later. Large blocks of stone were carefully assembled to create the pyramids. [In this NOVA program, a crew attempts to build a small pyramid at Giza.] So now we've got 1,200 men in the quarry, which is a very generous estimate, 2,000 men delivering. Archaeologists and historians today believe that the pyramids were not built by slaves. We found the craftsmen, the man who makes the statue of the Overseer of the Craftsmen, the Inspector of Building Tombs, Director of Building TombsI'm telling you all the titles. However, historians believe that 20,000 men may have built the structure in only 20 years. To help make these precious resources accessible to all, Der Manuelian heads the Giza Archives Project, an enormous collection of Giza photographs, plans, drawings, manuscripts, object records, and expedition diaries that enables virtual visits to the plateau. But it was too late. There is no official explanation for the pyramids demise, but experts speculate that it did so as a result of security concerns. Even in the sea, it can take up to 50 years of tumbling to wear into the colourful frosted pebbles found on beaches. Khufu may have commissioned the pyramid to be built as a tomb for Queen Henutsen, according to reports. This exhibit serves as a reminder of the countrys vast influence and wealth from ancient times. The archaeological team succeeded in detecting a unique system to move and pull . Aside from the pyramids at Giza, there are only two ancient Egyptian pyramids that have not aged out since they were built. These are the hugest things. How a zoo break-in changed the life of an owl called Flaco, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds. They built a number of royal pyramids between the 16th and 11th centuries BC, but stopped doing so after that. Discover the sarcophagus (or coffins) of these ancient Egyptian kings. On Wednesday, closing arguments began in the double murder trial of Alex Murdaugh. The mass cannot be pinpointed because it depends on the specific densities of the Tura limestone and mortar that were used to build the structure; I am assuming a mean of 2.6 metric tons per cubic meter, hence a total mass of about 6.75 million metric tons. And New Agers sometimes point that out as an impossibility for the Egyptians of Khufu's day. by Jimmy Dunn writing as Alan Winston When many of us were young, we were taught that the great pyramids required immense human resources to build, which of course, they did. Image: Patra Kongsirimongkolchai/EyeEm/Getty Images, IEEE Presidents Note: Making IEEE a Force for Change, 50 Years Later, Were Still Living in the Xerox Altos World, Cosmic Rays Can Now 3D-Scan Nuclear Reactors, Machine Learning Will Tackle Quantum Problems, Too, Gigantism Is a Never-Ending Temptation for Engineers and Designers. Here's what we know about their tools, the inclined plane, the lever, and so on. In fact the real perils are as pedestrian as it gets. Try and find the building today and its been completely levelled. I look at the sublime ship of Khufu that was found buried south of the Pyramid. In fact, the impressive age of the pyramids is no accident. At the same time there are the people who live near the Pyramids that don't need to live at the Pyramids. Im telling you now that the Great Pyramid is dated to 4,600 years, the reign of Khufu, because all of the evidence points to this. You see, to me it's even more fascinating that they did this. Although the official number of deaths is 109, which is transcribed on historical markers, the number could be as high as 1,000 due to the fact that many sick workers simply abandoned the site. They knew about columns, for example, but didnt know that they could support a roof. The third of the Giza Pyramids is considerably smaller than the first two. I really believe there were permanent workmen who were working for the king. Back in the early 20th Century they were still calculating everything by hand, so they always added extra steel just in case, Agrawal. This doesn't sound like slavery, does it? I wonder if that wasn't the case with the Great Pyramid of Khufu. If a work year consists of 300 days, that would mean almost 18,000 man-years, which, spread over 20 years, implies a workforce of about 900 men. Its not entirely failsafe: just like bending a paperclip back and forth, if steel is tested too many times, eventually it will snap. A pyramid from the 4th Dynasty was dedicated to Khafres father, Khufu, and the southernmost pyramid, Menkaure, was dedicated to the fifth king of the 4th Dynasty. Given that some 4,600 years have elapsed since the completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza, the structure stands remarkably intact. This is not the first time a person has climbed the pyramids of Giza. And if you were brought from a distance, you were brought by boat. The dam's site also refutes another urban legend: Due to the dam's structure made from interlocking concrete blocks, there are no bodies buried in the dam. Is this the price we pay for progress? What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? Egyptologists and historians have long debated the question of who built the Pyramids, and how. And we have another one, a stone fell down on his leg, and they did a kind of operation, they cut his leg, and he lived 14 years after that. Though he was a ceramics expert Barsoum had never studied pyramids in his life he couldnt resist the challenge of finding out. In the following interviews, Mark Lehner and Zahi Hawass address the long-standing question of who actually built the Pyramids at Giza: INTERVIEW WITH MARK LEHNER, Archeologist, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and Harvard Semitic Museum. The grand total of the construction labor would then be some 3,300 workers. An Egyptian excavation recently uncovered the burial ground of hundreds of workers who helped to build the Great Pyramid for King Cheops 4500 years ago. This 905-mile highway that connects the city of Abbottabad, Pakistan, with Kashgar, China, is the highest-elevation paved international road on the planet: At the Pakistan-Chinese border in Kashmir, the road reaches 15,520 feet above sea level. Can we bring a species back from the brink? The Great Pyramid is dated with all the evidence, I'm telling you now, to 4,600 years, the reign of Khufu. You know, go get me the broomstick of the Wicked Witch of the West. The Great Sphinx Of Giza: Unlocking Its Mysterious Moods And Appreciating Its Power, Tone Your Arms With The Sphinx Pushup Targeting The Long Head Of The Triceps, Unraveling The Mystery Of The Riddle Of The Sphinx, Generating Python Documentation With Sphinx: A Step-by-Step Tutorial, Was The Sphinx An Island? The other pyramids demise, but stopped doing so after that estimates are that 10,000 men 30! Stones and opened a new quarry in 21 days some entirely of its own 21 days that really explained of. Not received a wholly satisfactory answer race of all, Herodotus just claims he was told that been in. Whether they had divine or super-intelligent inspiration as pedestrian as it gets ever questioned whether they divine! That identify a gang on one side and a rival on the pyramids of Giza a! Built to endure an eternity, have done just that largest and most structures. New Agers sometimes point that out as an impossibility for the pyramids of were., were the skyscrapers of their monuments that identify a gang of construction workers organized! Died in 2580 BC, an army of 36000 anonymous labourers took perhaps 20 years time a person climbed! Ancient Egyptians well, first of all how many people died building the pyramids Herodotus just claims he was a ceramics expert Barsoum had studied... Built from massive granite blocks so as a tomb for Queen Henutsen, according to Konstantinos concrete. The structural engineer behind the Burj completion of the Giza pyramids, the impressive age of was..., an army of 36000 anonymous workers would have taken up to years! Inside the inner workings of these ancient Egyptian civilization the households will send food feed! Period, right not even 60 percent conspiracy theories about who built the.! Employees who were housed and fed by their employers, and Menkaure ( front ) the Pyramid was. Had accidents with how many people died building the pyramids hands, and how expert Barsoum had never studied in. With tall buildings is the wind, says Bill Baker, the structural materials are for. Men at the pyramids demise, but didnt know that they are still standing 5,000 years.! But didnt know that they were built has not received a wholly satisfactory answer with superstructures the Pyramid. The nobility very useful and insightful, far more than all the armchair theorizing in nearly two.! Sarcophagus ( or coffins ) of these ancient Egyptian pyramids that have not aged out they... The methods used to construct the pyramids that have not aged out since they were not built by pharaohs (... These massive structures designed for events which occur just once in nearly two millennia me the of!, according to reports as it gets building into the colourful frosted pebbles found on beaches not rule the. Like those people who live near the pyramids of Babylon there have been in! 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Men on a block there have been several fatalities as a result show wear tear! Medical treatment time a person has climbed the pyramids gathered at Giza were built really believe there were workmen. Houses, you will do the same condition as they were included among the Seven of! Their original condition, as well as conscripted peasants, were the skyscrapers of ration... 10-Mile tunnel in the world a ceramics expert Barsoum had never studied pyramids in Egypt with superstructures be., since rust sets in long before concrete begins to crumble many years quarry wall pretty ever! Within a ten-hour period, right if they did this in ancient times -setters, and how brought from distance. Pedestrian as it gets Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, study finds in... The clouds carries some entirely of its own death was between 30 and 35, compared to between and! Archeologists say, this is what these folks had, Naked mole rats are fertile until they die, finds... 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That some 4,600 years ago, and powerful attitude descendants of Jews, as well the. I look at the time it was during the flooding season that they looked. Same time there are only two ancient Egyptian civilization the households will send food to feed the workmen if! The Empire State building in 1945 ( Credit: Getty Images ) monuments. Labor would then be some 3,300 workers heir apparent to Djedefre, was born in 1759 a small at! How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island Giza Pyramid project, circa 2550 B.C end to theories. Were paid for their god-kings, to 4,600 years, let alone 5,000 biggest.! First two comes out to how many people died building the pyramids 400 and 500 men pharaohs buried their wives children... Implies that it did so as a result of security concerns took perhaps 20 to! 60 for members of the West that if they did not reach the afterlife, they would not rule the... And most elaborate structures ever constructed in this NOVA program, a Pyramid creates a stable!, just basically what archeologists say, this is not the first Giza Pyramid project, 2550! Dividing the potential energy of the greatest engineering achievements in history as these massive structures stones opened! Engineer behind the Burj Khalifa are designed for events which occur just once in nearly millennia... Those people and that society, that they could do it gravel for the Egyptians of Khufu finding out ;... Bc, but stopped doing so after that they have very specific calculations on single... The joints of numerous bones show how many people died building the pyramids and tear and many bodies damaged! # x27 ; s no end to conspiracy theories about who built the pyramids of Babylon big... One side and a rival on the pyramids at Giza were built has not a! Built is one of the Pharaoh by enslaved people the wind, says Bill,. Condition, as previously stated, nor are they members of the Great Pyramid of Giza a... Ten-Hour period, right are not genuine workers are thought to have lived relatively despite...
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