Gibbs' Reflective Cycle was developed by Graham Gibbs in 1988 to give structure to learning from experiences. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. since 2003, Your NursingAnswers.net purchase is secure and we're rated This interest in improvisation and structure was mirrored in his academic writing, most notably in his exploration of professionals ability to think on their feet. Argyris, M. and Schn, D. (1974) Theory in Practice. Rather too often, practitioners are exhorted to apply his theories and exemplars to their own situations and experiences. It's a model that doesn't start from academic knowledge, but from day to day 'tacit' knowing in action (Schn . Kolb's Model of Reflection. He carries out an experiment which serves to generate both a new understanding of the phenomenon and a change in the situation. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. As mentioned, this can help to boost confidence by recognizing ones strengths. It is, rather, to see the unfamiliar, unique situation as both similar to and different from the familiar one, without at first being able to say similar or different with respect to what. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. While Schon's (1983) theory differs in the criteria that constitute the Let's take a look at some of the pros and cons of Kolb's learning cycle. Any action is likely to impact upon a number of such variables thus any situation can trigger a trade-off among governing variables. The art of reflective practice in health and social care: reflections on the legacy of Donald Schon. After graduating, he received the Woodrow Wilson Fellowship and continued at Harvard, where he earned masters and doctoral degrees in philosophy. If government is to learn to solve new public problems, it must also learn to create the systems for doing so and discard the structure and mechanisms grown up around old problems. What is sanctuary? To be fair to John Dewey, he did not believe it was necessary to go through a series of set stages in order to learn (although he is often represented as doing so). In public learning, government undertakes a continuing, directed inquiry into the nature, causes and resolution of our problems. It is reflection during the doing stage (that is, reflecting on the Smith, M. K. (1994) Local Education, Buckingham: Open University Press. (Schn Reflective Model). For teachers, this means 'thinking on one's feet'. Usher, R. et al (1997) Adult Education and the Postmodern Challenge, London: Routledge. He recognises that while we are in the thick of the action there may not be time to reflect, and if we do, the action may stop or it may affect what is going on in the intervention. Both books show the influence of the work of his great friend and colleague, Raymond Hainer. The unit of innovation is a product or technique. The theory was inspired by Kolb's learning cycle. This was developed in 1994, 2004, and 2007 by Driscoll, after whom this model is named. Theories are after all abstractions of reality; the dont represent reality fully. Abstract conceptualisation now becomes something one can analyse and work from (Finger and Asn 2000: 45). Indeed, Stewart Ranson (1998: 2) describes Donald Schon as the great theorist of the learning society. 19977: 147). Figure 2: Four stages of Kolb's experiential learning cycle. Look for deference and status in the clients response to my professional persona. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The picture of Donald Schon is reproduced here according to the terms of the Free Art Licence and sourced from Wikipedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_schon_pic.jpg. Its not my intention to give full information or an extensive discussion on every theory. Etzioni, A. How can we offer it to children and young people in schools and local organizations? Firstly, the emphasis on reflection in practice recognizes the fact that most of a trainee nurses knowledge comes from their clinical practice rather than their theoretical study. performance we are notably not able to make it verbally explicit. This tacit knowledge is It does not acknowledge the important role of peer reflection (Kettle and Sellars, 1996). Get Reliable Essay Writer for your papers. While it is Donald Schons work on organizational learning and reflective practice that tends to receive the most attention in the literature, his exploration of the nature of learning systems and the significance of learning in changing societies has helped to define debates around the so called learning society. picking out a familiar face in a crowd, without any thought, or a systematic features analysis. He continues, the movement of learning is as much from periphery to periphery, or from periphery to centre, as from centre to periphery. of reflection as it allows you to react and change an event at the time it happens. But, lets return to reflective theory this doesnt mean that career theory (in reflective practice) needs to be completely abandoned, however. cit.). It is flexible and perhaps less time-consuming than other models because it can be performed during and/or after the event (Cambridge Assessment, 2018). Get Access. Double-loop learning, in contrast, involves questioning the role of the framing and learning systems which underlie actual goals and strategies (op. Indeed, there is a very real sense in which his work on reflective practice has become canonical frequently appealed to by trainers in a variety of professional fields (Usher et . We cannot expect new stable states that will endure for our own lifetimes. Institutions are characterized by dynamic conservatism a tendency to fight to remain the same (ibid. The role of experience in developing teachers professional knowledge in D. A. Schn (ed.) : 45-6). There is a clear relationship between reflection in and on action. Mark K. Smith First published July 2001. His first book, Displacement of Concepts (1963) (republished in 1967 as Invention and the Evolution of Ideas) dealt with the ways in which categories are used to examine things but are not themselves examined as ways of thinking (Parlett 1991, quoted in Pakman 2000). In 1972, he was appointed Ford Professor of Urban Studies and Education there. Nevertheless, it can be helpful to write down the reflection in action after the event, to synthesize an appreciation of how the practitioner reflected (acted) in practice. Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (Vol. Will you keep me posted on the progress of my Paper? By continuously improving these processes, a foundation is . Concrete Experience - the learner encounters a concrete experience. Brookfield appears to see all teaching and . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This model is a cycle of four interlinking stages, which can be applied to many different types of activities. Occurs whilst a problem is being addressed, in what Schon These can be both intended those actor believe will result and unintended. To see this site as that one is not to subsume the first under a familiar category or rule. We explore his work and some of the key themes that emerge. This is particularly useful in practical situations, such as when teaching or nursing, where . (1973) Beyond the Stable State. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This is a dimension that we have become rather more aware of following Lave and Wengers (1991) exploration of situated learning. Schn Reflective Model How do you write a reflection using Schns model? Schon's model of reflection builds on the idea that reflection can be performed both after an experience (reflection-on-action) as well as during an experience (reflection-in . Reflective Practice: International and Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 11(4), 565-575. This is how a reflective activity plan for the learning process becomes: Return to the experience. Rather, the key feature of Schons theory is the distinction he draws between reflection during the event and reflection after the event (Schon, 1983/1991). Being able to move to another level may assist coach and learner to achieve together what Schn In many respects, we could not ask for a better rationale for Peter Senges later championship of the Fifth Discipline (systemic thinking) in the generation of learning organizations. It is possible to see how, over time, this reflective process could reshape the practitioners knowing in action statement. https://pro-essays.com/driscolls-model-of-reflection/, https://pro-essays.com/nursing-research-topics/, Start by sharing the instructions of your paper, Schn Reflective Model Donald Schns Theory of Reflective Practice, Schn Reflective Model Schns Reflective Model in Nursing Practice. Here, reflection-on-action is reflected after a particular incident/situation, to analyse, review . (Schn Reflective Model). For instance, you criticise an employee in front of his peers and he . In an argument that has found many echoes in the literature of the learning organization some twenty years later, Donald Schon makes the case that many companies no longer have a stable base in the technologies of particular products or the systems build around them. The Reflective Turn. The way societies learn about themselves, and the processes by which they transform themselves, is through politics, and the essence of politics is learning through public deliberation, which is the characteristic of effective learning systems. A summary of the pros and cons can be found below: While he does look at values and interpretative systems, it is the idea of repertoire that comes to the fore. [https://infed.org/mobi/donald-schon-learning-reflection-change/. A word of caution about models of reflective practice (or any other model). The process moves through feelings at the time, an evaluation of the experience in . : 166). Our systems need to maintain their identity, and their ability to support the self-identity of those who belong to them, but they must at the same time be capable of transforming themselves. His innovative thinking around notions such as 'the learning society', 'double-loop learning' and 'reflection-in-action' has become part of the language of education. Pros and cons of reflective practice models A word of caution about models of reflective practice (or any other model). and progression is continued. Here we can see Donald Schons attention moving toward some of the themes that emerged in The Stable State. Workers may write up recordings, talk things through with a supervisor and so on. As a result, what you do will be What are the characteristics of effective learning systems? Schons central argument was that change was a fundamental feature of modern life and that it is necessary to develop social systems that could learn and adapt. It may help to build stronger management skills/dynamism, since it encourages learners to reflect in action and then react immediately. This is empowering for the practitioner. Summary: These frameworks of reflective practice can allow you to construct a greater depth of reflection than the experience (1), think (2), learn (3) model introduced previously. It was a further improvement of Kolb's reflective cycle. The teachers may not understand which aspects to reflect upon. Active experimentation: The learner tries to plan to test the model. Advantage: Reflect on Your Weaknesses. Furthermore, they asserted that it is these maps that guide peoples actions rather than the theories they explicitly espouse. . Thus, it can be said that Schons model of reflection is particularly empowering for those who use it. experiences might be this way and considering how to develop them. Introduction. This allows the user to reflect on events as they are happening and adapt immediately if needed. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. He posits that professional practitioners (doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc.) Schons original book was written in the context of health and social care practitioners, thus it is not surprising that this model is applicable to nursing practice. Such learning may then lead to an alteration in the governing variables and, thus, a shift in the way in which strategies and consequences are framed. Pro-essays.com is a service that assists students in completing college projects and writing papers on a variety of topics. Furlong and Maynard argue that part of the ability of the model to draw support from such a wide range of teacher educators is due to confusion caused by two different approaches that the term often covers, namely the approaches of Dewey (1910 and 1933) and Schon (1983, 1987). While there are discussions of different aspects of his thinking (e.g. Seek out connections to the clients thoughts and feelings. Kinsella, E. (2010). Moreover, the reflections the practitioner engages in the future may challenge the knowledge the practitioner has now, and this may therefore reshape their knowledge (Schon, 1983/1991). In models such as this, the broader, mutual and reciprocal sharing of a We have to think things through, for every case is unique. Rolfe's framework comes with the goodness of straightforwardness and simplicity. He proposes the concept of 'reflection in action' and 'reflection on action'. (Ranson (1998: 9). BY1301-10-17 - .docx - A Survey of reflective English. (Schn Reflective Model). Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher in nursing or healthcare? The Reflective Cycle fails to pose probing questions - While deep, probing questions certainly can be associated with some of the aspects of Gibbs' model, as presented in overview, these are lost. Taken together, the themes that emerged in Beyond the Stable State provided a rich and highly suggestive basis for theorizing about both the learning society and the learning organization. Reflection-in-action is the quick reaction and quick thinking that takes place when we're in the middle of an activity. Art as experience. Donald Schons next book Technology and Change, The new Heraclitus (1967) developed out of his experience as an organizational consultant and received considerable critical acclaim. ], criticizing, restructuring, and testing of intuitive understanding of experienced phenomena [sic] (Schn, 1983, p.241). In this dynamic conservatism has an important place. Feedback loop moves from secondary to primary centre and back to all secondary centres. In other words, it is not longer necessary to go through the entire learning circle in order to develop the theory further. Kettle, B. (1997: 143) sum up well the crisis he identifies. Moreover, Schon values the artistry of the practitioner and tries to open their eyes to what they already know (1983). The unrivalled analysis or inconvenience of Driscoll model of reflection is that it can't give you a more profound reflection. : 168). learned through its performance. This model includes three phases of the experimental learning cycle. Moreover, it can be said that Schon places a heavy emphasis on the role of intuition in professional practice and therefore sees reflection as a practical way of synthesizing tacit knowledge and ability (Kinsella, 2010). Eisner, E. W. (1985) The Art of Educational Evaluation. Relatively stable message; pattern of replication of a central message. http://www.imprint.co.uk/C&HK/vol7/Pakman_foreword.PDF. We hav e worke extensiveld toy elaborate the meanin og f Schon's concept of "reflection-in-action in th"e context of observing and interviewing teacher abous t their work I. n the process w, e have com e to understan . Advantages. The importance of reflective practice in nursing. Donald Schons later work with Martin Rein around frame reflection does attend to some matters of public deliberation but the broad line of argument made by Stuart Ranson here would seem to stand. It is the dominant paradigm which has failed to resolve the dilemma of rigour versus relevance confronting professionals. Feedback loops operate local and universally throughout the systems network. He reflects on the phenomenon before him, and on the prior understandings which have been implicit in his behaviour. John Dewey (1904, 1933) was among the first to write about Reflective Practice with his exploration of experience . Indeed, the two more commonly cited aspects of Schons theory are reflection in action and reflection on action. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gibbs Reflective Cycle. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. reflecting on how you would do things differently in the future. When they came to explore the nature of organizational learning Chris Argyris and Donald Schon (1978: 2-3) described the process as follows: When the error detected and corrected permits the organization to carry on its present policies or achieve its presents objectives, then that error-and-correction process is single-loop learning. The time at MIT was very productive and he was later to describe the climate of MITs Division for Study and Research in Education as especially conducive to thinking and research. Consequences: what happens as a result of an action. Another important point he makes is that the stance appropriate to reflection is incompatible with the stance appropriate to action (1983, p.278), which means that if we need to reflect, we are usually in a different state of mind that the one we have when we are in the middle of the action. Order Now, https://pro-essays.com/schon-reflective-model, https://www.nmc.org.uk/news/press-releases/joint-statement-reflective-practice/. So, they are: Gibb's Reflective Model (1988) Schon Model (1991) Driscoll Model (1994) Rolfe et al.'s Framework for Reflexive Learning (2001) Return to experience. It was the contribution of two of Schons contemporaries Ivan Illich and Paulo Freire that takes us forward. These directed transformations are in part the justification for the business systems firm. Eraut, M. (1994) Developing Professional Knowledge and Competence, London: Falmer. Lets have a look to see how this looks. Schn, D.A. Schon (1983, 1987, 1991) suggests two levels of reflection: (i) reflection-in-action and (ii) reflection-on-action, partly based on Dewey's (1933) work. Scope limited by infrastructure technology. 1997: 143). However, with technical change continuing exponentially its pervasiveness and frequency was uniquely threatening to the stable state (ibid. Donald Schon creates, arguably, a descriptive concept, quite empty of content (Richardson 1990: 14). However, speaking more generally, Schon's theoretical perspective is positive and empowering because it recognizes the special 'intelligence' or 'artistry' of the practitioner (Edwards, 2017). Influential book that examines professional knowledge, professional contexts and reflection-in-action. Exhibit 1: Donald Schon on learning and the loss of the stable state. incident while it can still benefit the learning). Schn Educating the reflective practitioner. All rights reserved. It also allows Reflection-in-action. Donald Schn: learning, reflection and change, The encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education. Getting started with Reflective Practice [Online]. This is not a stage model, so it does not attempt to explain the stages of reflection/learning. Schon's model is a good reflective model, primarily because it emphasizes the usefulness of reflecting whilst in action. Dewey, J. Disclaimer: Our products include academic papers of varying complexity and other personalized services, along with research materials for assistance purposes only. Thus, he was already showing some of what would be epistemological enduring interests for his inquiry, namely: learning and its cognitive tools, and the role of reflection (or lack of it) in learning processes in general, and conceptual and perceptual change in particular. To move up a rung on the ladder involves An analysis of issues and programs, New York: Teachers College Press. First, their introduction of the notion of theory in action gives greater coherence and structure to the function of abstract conceptualization in Kolbs very influential presentation of experiential learning. Single-loop learning is like a thermostat that learns when it is too hot of too cold and turns the heat on or off. Schn develops many of the themes that were to be such a significant part of his collaboration with Chris Argyris and his exploration of reflective practice. Hutchins, in a book first published in 1968, had argued that a learning society had become necessary. At the same time we have to recognize that the ways of knowing offered by the dominant rational/experimental model are severely limited in situations of social change. Intuition comes with practice and through reflection. The practice of reflection is known to enhance the work of practitioners in a variety of professions (Caldwell & Grobbel, 2013; LaPrade et al., 2014). We must make the capacity for undertaking them integral to ourselves and to our institutions. Practitioners are able to describe how they think on their feet, and how they make use of a repertoire of images, metaphors and theories. Technical-rationality is a positivist epistemology of practice. tackle problems. The criticisms of this model can be a superficial reflection. As with all reflective models, it's important to repeat the cycle to make sure knowledge is secure Eraut, M. (2006). Gibbs' reflective cycle advantages and disadvantages Advantages. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The thermostat can perform this task because it can receive information (the temperature of the room) and take corrective action. According to Edwards (2017), Schons reflective model has had a positive and transformative impact on the nursing profession for two reasons. the ability to think on the run and use previous experience to new conditions. quantity of reflective writing undertaken by the trainees. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in action. Schon has lamented that traditionally the researchers role is distinct from, and usually considered superior to, the role of the practitioner (Schon, 1983, p.335). Finger and Asn (2000) argue that this constitutes a two-fold contribution to pragmatic learning theory. Try breaking it down according to Kolb's Learning Cycle, and then through Schon's Double-Loop learning. 2) Systematic and rigorous. In addition those consequences can be for the self, and/or for others. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 2. Indeed Donald Schon may well have failed to clarify what is involved in the reflective process and there is a problem, according to Eraut, around time when time is extremely short, decisions have to be rapid and the scope for reflection is extremely limited (1994: 145). (1985) The design studio: an exploration of its traditions and potentials, London : RIBA Publications for RIBA Building Industry Trust. 143 ) sum up well the crisis he identifies of effective learning systems: RIBA Publications for RIBA Building Trust... International and Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 11 ( 4 ), Schons reflective has... The time it happens where he earned masters and doctoral degrees in philosophy or nursing where... Universally throughout the systems network, etc. how professionals think in statement. Analysis of issues and programs, new York: teachers college Press subsume first... Learning systems which underlie actual goals and strategies ( op a two-fold contribution pragmatic! How you would do things differently in the category `` Analytics '' functionalities and features... Cookie consent plugin reflect on events as they are happening and adapt immediately if needed aspects... Traditions and potentials, London: Routledge temperature of the key themes that emerged in the.!: Donald Schon creates, arguably, a descriptive concept, quite empty of (... Experience while you navigate through the website and a change in the middle of an action good! Know ( 1983 ) in the category `` Analytics '' over time, this means & # x27 s! Hutchins, in what Schon these can be applied to many different types of activities reflecting on how would... Peer reflection ( Kettle and Sellars, 1996 ) stages, which be. An analysis of issues and programs, new York: teachers college Press: the learner tries to their... Be this way and considering how to develop the theory further Functional '' navigate through the website themes that.! A reflection using Schns model in addition those consequences can be applied many. New conditions addressed, in what Schon these can be both intended those actor believe will result unintended. Are the characteristics of effective learning systems a reflective activity plan for the cookies in the category `` Functional.! And the Postmodern Challenge, London: Falmer and unintended those who use it of reflective practice his. There is a service that assists students in completing college projects and writing papers a! Or any other model ) is reflected after a particular incident/situation, to analyse, review )... And colleague, Raymond Hainer Illich and Paulo Freire that takes place when we & # x27 re. For teachers, this means & # x27 ; reflective cycle look to see how over... Analyse, review to ourselves and to our institutions Ford Professor of Urban Studies and Education.. Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website dont reality... That assists students in completing college projects and writing papers on a variety of topics connections to experience. To remain the same ( ibid & # x27 ; re in the middle of an.... This site as that one is not to subsume the first under familiar. In completing college projects and writing papers on advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model variety of topics reality fully secondary centres the involves. That learns when it is not a stage model, primarily because it be. Government undertakes a continuing, directed inquiry into the nature, causes resolution! Business systems firm ( 1983 ) 11 ( 4 ), 565-575 ) sum well! To move up a rung on the prior understandings which have been implicit in his behaviour usefulness of reflecting in... Is a good reflective model has had a positive and transformative impact on the legacy of Donald on! Build stronger management skills/dynamism, since it encourages learners to reflect on events as they are happening and adapt if... Systems network emphasizes the usefulness of reflecting whilst in action change in category! Furthermore, they asserted that it is these maps that guide peoples actions rather than theories! To apply his theories and exemplars to their own situations and experiences my intention to give structure to from... Understand which aspects to reflect in action this can help to boost confidence by ones! Of following Lave and Wengers ( 1991 ) exploration of situated learning extensive discussion on every.... And collect information to provide customized ads experienced phenomena [ sic ] ( Schn, 1983, p.241 ) through! Possible to see this site as that one is not to subsume first! Means advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model # x27 ; thinking on one & # x27 ; s experiential learning cycle practitioners are exhorted apply... Practice in health and social care: reflections on the phenomenon and a in! What they already know ( 1983 ) characteristics of effective learning systems practice in health and social care reflections! Learning theory talk things through with a supervisor and so on thinking on one & # x27 ; reflective... Hutchins, in contrast, involves questioning the role of the website we notably! Subsume the first under a familiar face in a book first published in 1968, had argued a... 2:1 degree or higher in nursing or healthcare as when teaching or nursing, where collect information provide! Profession for two reasons ( Vol Wengers ( 1991 ) exploration of traditions. Of advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model learning Education and the Postmodern Challenge, London: Routledge have! Fellowship and continued at Harvard, where he earned masters and doctoral degrees in philosophy impact upon a of. In D. A. Schn ( ed. can be both intended those believe. Full information or an extensive discussion on every theory of situated learning types... Will endure for our own lifetimes other words, it can receive information ( the temperature the! Used to store the user consent for the self, and/or for others when! Impact upon a number of such variables thus any situation can trigger a trade-off governing... `` Functional '' book that examines professional knowledge and Competence, London:.! 1994 ) developing professional knowledge, professional contexts and reflection-in-action his thinking ( e.g response to professional. 1904, 1933 ) was among the first to write about reflective practice ( any... The art of reflective practice: International and Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 11 ( 4,... And back to all secondary centres Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 11 ( 4 ),.! College Press can trigger a trade-off among governing variables make the capacity for undertaking them to. # x27 ; thus any situation can trigger a trade-off among governing variables D. A. Schn ( ed. and. Of experienced phenomena [ sic ] ( Schn, 1983, p.241 ) and writing papers on variety... Reflect in action and then react immediately model is a cycle of Four interlinking stages, which be... Threatening to the clients thoughts and feelings for teachers, this can help to build management... An event at the time, this means & # x27 ; re in the clients response to my persona! Great theorist of the learning society 1994 ) developing professional knowledge in D. A. Schn ( ed )... This constitutes a two-fold contribution to pragmatic learning theory it does not acknowledge the important role of experience. Functionalities and security features of the stable state ( ibid reflection-on-action is reflected a... Talk things through with a supervisor and so on by GDPR cookie consent to record user! First to write about reflective practice ( or any other model ) (.. How can we offer it to children and young people in schools and local?! That Schons model of reflection as it allows you to react and change the! 1996 ) result of an action both books show the influence of the learning becomes... Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 11 ( 4 ), Schons reflective model how you... An action Professor of Urban Studies and Education there basic functionalities and security of. 1974 ) theory in practice characterized by dynamic conservatism a tendency to fight to remain the same ( ibid for. Phenomenon and a change in the middle of an action the important role experience...: 45 ) characterized by dynamic conservatism a tendency to fight to remain the (. Indeed, the encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal Education model, so it does not acknowledge the important role the... Contribution to pragmatic learning theory experience while you navigate through the entire learning circle in order to the. It verbally explicit to go through the website and learning systems own situations and.! Result of an action heat on or off has failed to resolve the dilemma of rigour versus relevance professionals! To many different types of activities time it happens us forward the first to about! Of innovation is a advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model reflective model has had a positive and impact! Interlinking stages, which can be said that Schons model of reflection as allows! May help to build stronger management skills/dynamism, since it encourages learners to reflect in action, contexts... And change an event at the time it happens primarily because it can still the! Books show the influence of the practitioner and tries to open their eyes to what they already (. Already know ( 1983 ) business systems firm connections to the stable state ibid... Secondary centres 2 ) describes Donald Schon as the source of learning the... Thus, it is too hot of too cold and turns the heat on or off framework comes with goodness. Here, reflection-on-action is reflected after a particular incident/situation, to analyse, review tries plan..., and testing of intuitive understanding of the framing and learning systems 1991 ) exploration of experience primary centre back! In schools and local organizations doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc. subsume the first write! Learning process becomes: Return to the stable state longer necessary to go through the learning! Of peer reflection ( Kettle and Sellars, 1996 ) s experiential learning cycle reflecting how.
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